Ecology Summary - Alosa pseudoharengus

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Main Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
Remarks	Euryhaline, entering brackish- and freshwaters, anadromous (Ref. 10294). Movement of schooling adults apparently restricted to coastal areas proximal to natal estuaries (Ref. 4639). They migrate up rivers and even small streams to spawn in lakes and quiet stretches of rivers, then return to sea shortly after spawning (Ref. 4639); landlocked populations also ascend affluent rivers and streams. Larvae remain in vicinity of spawning grounds, forming schools at sizes less than 10 mm TL, within one to two weeks after hatching (Ref. 4639), then descend in summer and autumn or even as late as November or December. Feed on shrimps and small fishes; the young on diatoms, copepods and ostracods while in rivers. Feed on planktonic and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 13515). Fish measuring 5.0-7.0 cm TL feed by gulping, filtering and particulate feeding, whereas smaller fish are exclusive particulate feeders (Ref. 46977). Preyed upon by walleye, smallmouth bass, crappie, rainbow trout and ohrid trout (Ref. 10294).

Main Ref.

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985

Remarks

Euryhaline, entering brackish- and freshwaters, anadromous (Ref. 10294). Movement of schooling adults apparently restricted to coastal areas proximal to natal estuaries (Ref. 4639). They migrate up rivers and even small streams to spawn in lakes and quiet stretches of rivers, then return to sea shortly after spawning (Ref. 4639); landlocked populations also ascend affluent rivers and streams. Larvae remain in vicinity of spawning grounds, forming schools at sizes less than 10 mm TL, within one to two weeks after hatching (Ref. 4639), then descend in summer and autumn or even as late as November or December. Feed on shrimps and small fishes; the young on diatoms, copepods and ostracods while in rivers. Feed on planktonic and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 13515). Fish measuring 5.0-7.0 cm TL feed by gulping, filtering and particulate feeding, whereas smaller fish are exclusive particulate feeders (Ref. 46977). Preyed upon by walleye, smallmouth bass, crappie, rainbow trout and ohrid trout (Ref. 10294).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Alosa pseudoharengus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

مرجع
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Bigelow, H.B., M.G. Bradbury, J.R. Dymond, J.R. Greeley, S.F. Hildebrand, G.W. Mead, R.R. Miller, L.R. Rivas, W.L. Schroeder, R.D. Suttkus and V.D. Vladykov, 1963
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.39	0.32	3.41	0.39	Troph of adults from 2 studies.
From individual food items	3.29	0.44			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
مرجع	Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000

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Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Habitat

Associations

Feeding