| 主要參考文獻 | Bennett, D.E. and R.S. Wydoski, 1977 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Commonly caught along rocky outcrops, jetties, sandy beaches, and in bays. Opportunistic feeder in general. Crustaceans are the most important food source. |
Aquatic zones / Water bodies
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Habitat
| Substrate | Benthic: demersal; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
Associations
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
進食
| 攝取食物的類型 | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Bennett, D.E. and R.S. Wydoski, 1977 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Bennett, D.E. and R.S. Wydoski, 1977 |
Trophic Level(s)
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 3.37 | 0.47 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| 從個別的食物項目 | 3.59 | 0.49 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Bennett, D.E., 1971 | ||||