| 主要参考文献 | Barsukov, V.V., 1986 |
|---|---|
| 附注 | Inhabit rocky bottoms, sometimes over sand or mud, from 1-500 m (Ref. 9988). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on fishes (Ref. 58426), hard-shelled mollusks, crabs, lobsters, sea urchins and other echinoderms. Solitary in habit (Ref. 9988). It is preyed upon by cod. Parasites of the species include 1 protozoan, 11 trematodes, 1 myxosporidian, 1 cestode, 3 nematodes, 1 hirudinean, 1 crustacean and 1 copepod (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| 参考文献 | Frimodt, C., 1995 |
|---|---|
| Associations | solitary; schooling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Solitary in habit (Ref. 9988). Usually solitary except during the mating season, when bonded pairs occur. However, some apparent "colonial settlements" have been reported, the occurrence of which may be related to shelter availability. Reports of apparent seasonal spawning migrations may result from inshore-offshore seasonal migrations related to foraging and tooth replacement episodes. Larvae likely remain near the bottom and do not disperse widely from the hatching locality (Ref. 86779). |
| Parasitism |
| 摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Barsukov, V.V., 1986 |
| 摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Barsukov, V.V., 1986 |
| Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 从食物内容 | 3.55 | 3.21 | 0.38 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| 从个别的食物项目 | 3.73 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 参考文献 | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||