Ecology Summary - Epinephelus areolatus

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Main Ref.	Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Remarks	Usually found in seagrass beds or on fine sediment bottoms near rocky reefs, dead coral, or alcyonarians (Refs. 5222, 9773), in shallow continental shelf waters (Ref. 27353). Juveniles are common at water depths to 80 m (Ref. 6390). Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Feed on fish and benthic invertebrates, primarily prawns and crabs (Ref. 4787, 27354). Feed in water to more than 100 m depth (Ref. 27354). Probably make frequent use of shelters, suggesting an 'ambush' method of feeding (Refs. 6390, 9773).

Main Ref.

Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993

Remarks

Usually found in seagrass beds or on fine sediment bottoms near rocky reefs, dead coral, or alcyonarians (Refs. 5222, 9773), in shallow continental shelf waters (Ref. 27353). Juveniles are common at water depths to 80 m (Ref. 6390). Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Feed on fish and benthic invertebrates, primarily prawns and crabs (Ref. 4787, 27354). Feed in water to more than 100 m depth (Ref. 27354). Probably make frequent use of shelters, suggesting an 'ambush' method of feeding (Refs. 6390, 9773).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Epinephelus areolatus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; silt; Hard Bottom;
Substrate Ref.	Broad, G., 2003
Special habitats	Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs;
Special habitats Ref.	Broad, G., 2003

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra, 1991
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra, 1991

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.74	0.30	3.46	0.46	Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies.
From individual food items	3.90	0.66			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Salini, J.P., S.J.M. Blaber and D.T. Brewer, 1994

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