生態學： Euthynnus affinis
| 主要參考文獻 | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Like other scombrids, E. affinis tend to form multispecies schools by size especially with small T. albacares, K. pelamis, Auxis sp. and M. cordyla comprising from 100 to over 5,000 individuals (Also Ref. 9773). But during certain periods of the year, there is a tendency for the fish to remain scattered (Ref. 168). Kawakawa is piscivorous. Most important prey items of the immature smaller E. affinis were the larval anchovy and lanternfish while the matured fish Decapterus spp and Scomber australicus (Ref. 53677). A strong swimmer and a highly migratory species (Ref. 128523). Epipelagic. Feeds on small pelagic fishes, squids and large planktonic organisms (Ref. 9773). |
Aquatic zones / Water bodies
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Habitat
| Substrate | Pelagic; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
Associations
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | Thunnus albacares; Katsuwonus pelamis; Auxis thazard. |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
進食
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Trophic Level(s)
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 4.50 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |||
| 從個別的食物項目 | 4.35 | 0.77 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Chiou, W.-D., L.-Z. Cheng and K.-W. Chen, 2004 | ||||