Main Ref. | Armstrong, M.P., 1997 |
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Remarks | Inhabits inshore waters, shallow estuaries, river mouths and sheltered bays (Ref. 8520). Abundant in the mesohaline, riverine habitat in Great Bay estuary, New Hampshire (Ref. 32356). Exhibited a generalized up-river movement as salinity increased with the seasons. Showed ontogenetic changes in distribution along the depth gradient, with smallest individuals occupying shallowest depths. Intertidal mudflats were important nursery grounds for young-of-the-year smooth flounder (Ref. 32356). Parasites of the species include 2 protozoans, 6 trematodes, 1 cestode, 2 nematodes and 1 acanthocephalan (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.41 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |