Ref. principal | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
---|---|
Notas | Inhabit coastal as well as offshore waters. Found around coral reefs, rocky areas, estuaries, mangrove areas (Also Ref. 128694), and sometimes in lower reaches of rivers (especially the young). Found in freshwater in Florida (Ref. 26938). Often forming large aggregations. Feed mainly at night on small fishes, shrimps, crabs, gastropods, cephalopods and some planktonic items. Carnivore (Ref. 42240, 57616). Easily approached (Ref. 9710). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrato | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Habitats especiais | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associações | schooling; |
Associada com | |
Comentários sobre associação | Adults submit to parasite removal by small fishes, e.g. gobies (Gobiosoma oceanops) and porkfish (Anisotremus virginicus). |
Parasitismo |
Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Bardach, J.E., 1959 |
Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
Da composição da dieta | 4.23 | 0.31 | 4.19 | 0.71 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
Dos itens alimentares individuais | 3.88 | 0.79 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |