Main Ref. | Blaber, S.J.M., 1980 |
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Remarks | Found near the surface in coastal waters (Ref. 30573). Found in small schools. Feeds on fishes (Ref. 5213). Dorsal and anal fins may carry toxins (Ref. 12484). Coastal species that forms small schools and associates with other species. Intolerant of low salinities. Feeds on small fishes, krill, mantis shrimp, and small squids (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Blaber, S.J.M., 1980 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Blaber, S.J.M., 1980 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.11 | 0.64 | 4.26 | 0.69 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.23 | 0.65 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Blaber, S.J.M., D.A. Milton, N.J.F. Rawlinson, G. Tiroba and P.V. Nichols, 1990 |