Main Ref. | Mecklenburg, C.W., A. Lynghammar, E. Johannesen, I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, A.V. Dolgov, O.V. Karamushko, T.A. Mecklenburg, P.R. Møller, D. Steinke and P.R. Wienerroither, 2018 |
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Remarks | Apparently prefers water temperatures 7-15°C, and often makes longitudinal and depth migrations to follow this temperature preference (Ref. 48844). Opportunistic feeders, no specific targeted prey but fishes are the main prey of larger individuals; also consumes squids, octopi, medusae, ctenophores, crustaceans (e.g., shrimps, euphausiids, and amphipods), and polychaetes (Ref. 119696). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.82 | 0.47 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |