Ecology Summary - Trichiurus lepturus

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Referencia principal	Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993
Observaciones	Generally over muddy bottoms of shallow coastal waters (Ref. 9351). Often enter estuaries (Ref. 9351). Adults and juveniles have opposing complementary vertical diurnal feeding migration. Juveniles and small adults form schools about 100 m above the bottom during daytime and form loose feeding aggregations at night-time near the surface where they prey on planktonic organisms such as euphausiids, small pelagic planktonic crustaceans and small fishes (anchovies, bregmacerotids, etc.). Large adults feed on pelagic prey (anchovies, sardines, myctophiids, bregmacerotids, carangoids, sphyraenids, atherinids, sciaenids, Scomber, Trichiurus, squid and crustaceans, etc.) near the surface during daytime and migrate to the bottom at night (Also Ref. 9773). One of the main predators during summer in a sandy beach at Canto Grande, Santa Catarina, Brazil (Ref. 55758). Benthopelagic. Dwells in shallow sandy estuaries to deeper waters. Shoaling species. Crepuscular feeding habit (Ref. 9773).

Referencia principal

Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993

Observaciones

Generally over muddy bottoms of shallow coastal waters (Ref. 9351). Often enter estuaries (Ref. 9351). Adults and juveniles have opposing complementary vertical diurnal feeding migration. Juveniles and small adults form schools about 100 m above the bottom during daytime and form loose feeding aggregations at night-time near the surface where they prey on planktonic organisms such as euphausiids, small pelagic planktonic crustaceans and small fishes (anchovies, bregmacerotids, etc.). Large adults feed on pelagic prey (anchovies, sardines, myctophiids, bregmacerotids, carangoids, sphyraenids, atherinids, sciaenids, Scomber, Trichiurus, squid and crustaceans, etc.) near the surface during daytime and migrate to the bottom at night (Also Ref. 9773). One of the main predators during summer in a sandy beach at Canto Grande, Santa Catarina, Brazil (Ref. 55758). Benthopelagic. Dwells in shallow sandy estuaries to deeper waters. Shoaling species. Crepuscular feeding habit (Ref. 9773).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	Estuarios/lagunas/mares salobres mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds Cuevas exclusivamente

Highighted items on the list are where Trichiurus lepturus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic; Pelagic; Soft Bottom: sand; mud;
Substrate Ref.	Martin, F.D. and J.W. Patus, 1984
Special habitats	Coral Reefs;
Special habitats Ref.	Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006

Associations

Referencia
Associations	shoaling;
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Alimentación

Tipo De Alimentación	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993
Hábito De Alimentación	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Muestra original		Población no pescada		Observación
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Observación
De la composición de la dieta	4.42	0.37	4.39	0.74	Troph of adults from 4 studies.
De tipos individuales de alimento	4.36	0.92			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Referencia	Portsev, P.I., 1980

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Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Habitat

Associations

Alimentación