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Main Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
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Remarks | Widespread in external areas of coral reefs (Ref. 9137, 58534). The habitat consists of outer reefs from shallow depths down to at least 240 m (Ref. 54301). Usually seen in clear-water areas at depths below 15 m, and prefers islands and offshore reefs rather than continental shores. Feeds mainly on fishes, crabs, shrimps, stomatopods and other crustaceans (Ref. 54301). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.33 | 0.70 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 4.00 | 0.67 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Kulbicki, M., Y.-M. Bozec, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, G. Mou-Tham and L. Wantiez, 2005 |