Ecology Summary - Boreogadus saida

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Main Ref.	Craig, P.C., W.B. Griffiths, L. Haldorson and H. McElderry, 1982
Remarks	Occurs in coastal habitats during summer and winter (Ref. 1371). In the Beaufort Sea, it may also be found in brackish lagoons and in almost fresh water in river mouths (Ref. 1371). Although associated with the occurrence of ice (White Sea), it is present in ice-free near-shore waters (Alaska) (Ref. 1371). Onshore-offshore movements are associated with spawning and movements of the ice (Ref. 27547). Feeds mostly on epibenthic mysids, also amphipods, copepods and fishes (Ref. 1371). Preyed upon by marine mammals, seabirds (murres and black guillemots), fishes (Atlantic salmon, Arctic char, Atlantic cod, Greenland halibut and Greenland cod), harp seals, bearded seals, ringed seals, white whales and narwhals. Parasites of the species include Clavella adunca, Haemobaphes cyclopterina and Sphyrion lumpi (copepods) (Ref. 5951). Also caught with mid-water trawls (Ref. 1371).

Main Ref.

Craig, P.C., W.B. Griffiths, L. Haldorson and H. McElderry, 1982

Remarks

Occurs in coastal habitats during summer and winter (Ref. 1371). In the Beaufort Sea, it may also be found in brackish lagoons and in almost fresh water in river mouths (Ref. 1371). Although associated with the occurrence of ice (White Sea), it is present in ice-free near-shore waters (Alaska) (Ref. 1371). Onshore-offshore movements are associated with spawning and movements of the ice (Ref. 27547). Feeds mostly on epibenthic mysids, also amphipods, copepods and fishes (Ref. 1371). Preyed upon by marine mammals, seabirds (murres and black guillemots), fishes (Atlantic salmon, Arctic char, Atlantic cod, Greenland halibut and Greenland cod), harp seals, bearded seals, ringed seals, white whales and narwhals. Parasites of the species include Clavella adunca, Haemobaphes cyclopterina and Sphyrion lumpi (copepods) (Ref. 5951). Also caught with mid-water trawls (Ref. 1371).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Boreogadus saida may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations	schooling; shoaling;
Associated with
Association remarks	Quantitative studies on important energy stores in the Arctic food web in schools of this arctic cod; nonschooling fish were also examined (Ref. 94896). Spawning in October-March (usually January-February) where fish move close inshore, often in tremendous numbers; may enter rivers and spawning in freshwater recorded in Siberia. Apparently undertake onshore-offshore migrations associated partly with spawning and partly with movement of ice, showing strong preference for low temperatures (Ref. 27547).
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Craig, P.C., W.B. Griffiths, L. Haldorson and H. McElderry, 1982
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.12	0.11			Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies.
From individual food items	3.48	0.69			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Kravchuk, V.A., 1958

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