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Gymnura marmorata (Cooper, 1864) California butterfly ray |
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photo by
Robertson, R. |
| Family: | Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays) | |||
| Max. size: | 100 cm TL (male/unsexed) | |||
| Environment: | demersal; marine; depth range 1 - 94 m | |||
| Distribution: | Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru. | |||
| Diagnosis: | ||||
| Biology: | Inhabits warm-temperate to tropical shallow bays and beaches (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 37955). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Has a small venom apparatus which has limited use as a defense organ (Ref. 37955). Maximum length reported to reach 150 cm (Ref. 37955). | |||
| IUCN Red List Status: | Near Threatened (NT); Date assessed: 07 February 2019 (A2d) Ref. (130435) | |||
| Threat to humans: | venomous | |||