Common names from other countries
分類 / Names
共通名の | 類義語 | Catalog of Fishes(部類, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深さの範囲 / distribution range
生態学
; 新鮮な水; 汽水性の 底生の漂泳性; 昇流魚 (Ref. 51243). Subtropical; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 64°N - 35°N, 12°E - 53°E
Eurasia: Caspian, Black, Marmara and Baltic Sea basins (Sweden and Finland north to 63°N), North Sea basin from Elbe to Ems drainages. In Anatolia: in Marmara basin, south to Great Menderes and Lake Egridir and east to Kızılırmak drainage. Absent between Kızılırmak and Çoruh drainages. Extirpated in Crimea. Introduced in Rhine.
サイズ / 重さ / 年齢
成熟: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 556); common length : 20.0 cm TL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 556); 最大公表体重: 1.4 kg (Ref. 35541); 最大記録サイズ: 15 年 (Ref. 59043)
背面の脊椎 (合計) : 3; 背鰭 (合計) : 8 - 9; 肛門の骨: 3; 臀鰭: 16 - 22. Diagnosed from its congeners in Europe by the following characters: anal fin with 16-21½ branched rays; back keeled behind dorsal base; in spawning season, males blackish brown with orange cheek and sometimes belly (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 soft rays. Scalar formula: 49-64, 6-10 (Ref. 40476).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Inhabits brackish estuaries, large to medium rivers and some large subalpine lakes. Sedentary populations inhabit even in small rivers or barbel zone. Feeds mainly on small molluscs and insect larvae. Breeds in riffles in shallow, fast-flowing streams and rivers on gravel. Semi-anadromous populations forage in freshened parts of sea and migrate for long distances to spawn. Lacustrine populations move to fast-flowing tributaries. Spent adults return to foraging habitats (Ref. 59043). Threatened from its range due to water obstruction (Ref. 26100).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟 | 繁殖 | 放精 | 卵 | 生産力 | 幼生
Produces 15,000-20,000 eggs at the age of 6-7 years (Ref. 12259). Spawns for several years. Semi-anadromous populations undertake long distance spawning migrations while lacustrine populations migrate to fast-flowing tributaries. In Dniepr and Kuban, migration starts in September, decreases in winter and resumes in March-May (Ref. 59043).
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
IUCNのレッドリストの状況は (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Human uses
水産業: 少数商業の; 水産養殖: 商業; ゲームフィッシュ: はい
用具
特記事項
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インターネットの情報源
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (参照
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00659 - 0.00796), b=3.14 (3.11 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
栄養段階 (参照
69278): 3.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (参照
120179): 低い, ４．５年～１４年の倍増期間の最小個体群 (K=0.22; tm=3; tmax=15).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
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