Scophthalmus maximus, Turbot : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish, aquarium

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Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Turbot
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Scophthalmus maximus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Scophthalmus maximus (Turbot)
Scophthalmus maximus
Fotografia de Quantz, G.

Denmark country information

Common names: Pighvarre
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Winkler, H.M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin and H. Jespersen, 2000
Importance: minor commercial | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: protected | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Occurs in all the waters around Denmark. Minimum size limit in TL: 30 cm. Protected in some parts of the Baltic Sea and parts of the Belts in the period: 1. June - 31. July (Ref. 10963). Also Ref. 173.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/da.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlstrøm, 1989
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Rodaballo, Калкан, 大菱鲆, ... more

Classificação / Names Nomes comuns | Sinónimos | Catalog of Fishes(Género, Espécies) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Scophthalmidae (Turbots)
Etymology: Scophthalmus: Greek, skopelos = a lantern fish + Greek, ophthalmos = eyes (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / intervalo de profundidade / distribution range Ecologia

marinhas; estuarina demersal; oceanódromo (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 20 - 70 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 70°N - 30°N, 25°W - 42°E

Distribuição Países | Áreas FAO | Ecossistemas | Ocorrências | Mapa dos pontos | Introduções | Faunafri

Northeast Atlantic: throughout the Mediterranean and along the European coasts to Arctic Circle; also found in most of the Baltic Sea. Subspecies Psetta maxima maeotica in the Black Sea.

Length at first maturity / Tamanho / Peso / Idade

Maturidade: Lm 40.8, range 41 - 54 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); peso máx. Publicado: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); Idade máx. registada: 25 anos (Ref. 32766)

Descrição breve Chaves de identificação | Morfologia | Morfometria

Body almost circular. Eye side without scales but with large bony tubercles (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.

Biologia     Glossário (ex. epibenthic)

Adults live on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms; rather common in brackish waters. Feed mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Spawning season is between April and August; pelagic eggs. May reach 25 kg (Ref. 9988). Highly esteemed food fish. Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturidade | Reprodução | Desova | Ovos | Fecundidade | Larvas

Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning every 2-4 days. Eggs have a single fat drop. Larvae are initially symmetric but, at the end of the metamorphosis (day 40-50, 25 mm), the right eye moves to the left side, losing its initial bilateral symmetry. Egg size 0.9 - 1.2 mm, larval length at hatching 2.7-3.1 mm.

Referência principal Upload your references | Referências | Coordenador | Colaboradores

Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)

Categoria na Lista Vermelha da IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)

  Preocupação menor (LC) ; Date assessed: 07 December 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Ameaça para o homem

  Harmless





Utilização humana

Pescarias: espécies comerciais; Aquacultura: espécies comerciais; peixe desportivo: sim; Aquário: Aquários públicos
FAO - Aquaculture systems: produção, perfil da espécie; pescarias: landings; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Mais informação

Ecologia Trófica
Food items (preys)
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Ecologia
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Frequência de comprimento
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Recrutamento
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genoma
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Ferramentas

Bio-Quiz | E-book | Guia de campo | Chaves de identificação | Ferramenta auxiliar de frequências de comprimento | Ferramenta sobre a história de vida | Mapa dos pontos | Catch-MSY |

Relatórios especiais

Consultar manutenção em aquários | Consultar ficha de espécies | Consultar fichas de aquacultura

Descarregue XML

Página de resumo | Dado pontual | Nomes comuns | Fotografias

Fontes da internet

AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | Consultar FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Género, Espécies | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - Aquaculture systems: produção, perfil da espécie; pescarias: landings; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Bases de dados nacionais | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Aquários públicos | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Árvore da vida | Wikipedia: ir para, procurar | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Registo zoológico

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 5.9 - 11.9, mean 9.4 °C (based on 239 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5645   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00922 - 0.01365), b=3.06 (3.00 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref. 69278):  4.4   ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.8 (3.8 - 5.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24 growth studies.
Resiliência (Ref. 120179):  Médio, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 1,4 - 4,4 anos (K=0.15-0.28; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=5 million).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 9 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (60 of 100). 🛈
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  High vulnerability (65 of 100). 🛈
Categoria de preço (Ref. 80766):   Very high.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 28.5 [12.1, 48.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.144 [0.058, 0.649] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.275 [0.153, 0.500] g/100g; Selenium = 14.1 [6.4, 33.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.19 [2.10, 35.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.156 [0.092, 0.524] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.