Adults are found more commonly from 80 to 200 m, over rock, sand, gravel or shells, usually at temperatures between 4° and 10°C. Feed mainly on small bottom-living organisms including crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, worms and fishes (sand lance, capelin, silver hake, American eels, herring and argentines) (Ref. 5951). A batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Undertakes extensive migrations in the Barents Sea and Iceland. Sold fresh, chilled as fillets, frozen, smoked and canned. Also utilized for fish meal and animal feeds. Can be steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
成魚從 80 到 200 公尺更通常被發現,在岩石，沙子，礫石或貝殼之上, 通常在 4個 ° 與 10個 ° C. 之間的溫度 主要捕食包括甲殼動物，軟體動物，棘皮動物，蠕蟲與魚 (沙子鎗矛， capelin, 銀色的鱈魚，美國鰻魚，鯡魚與銀) 的小型底棲性生物。 (參考文獻 5951) 一個分批產卵者.(參考文獻 51846) 在巴倫支海與冰島中進行廣泛的迴游。 生鮮販賣., 冷凍的如被凍結, 煙燻而且裝於罐頭的魚排。 也利用魚粉與動物飼料。 能被蒸,油炸,火烤, 煮沸, 微波而且燒烤。 (參考文獻 9988)
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 1.4 - 12.1, mean 8.4 °C (based on 1651 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00582 - 0.00750), b=3.08 (3.04 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 4.0 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.0 (4.6 - 5.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 36
growth studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (rm=0.54-1.2; K=0.12-0.30; tm=2-6.5; tmax=20; Fec=100,000).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 41 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (55 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 10.2 [3.2, 40.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.175 [0.075, 0.825] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [16, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.617 [0.316, 1.243] g/100g; Selenium = 32.9 [12.1, 89.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.92 [2.06, 29.85] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.309 [0.168, 0.623] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies. 
