Found inshore in summer, but at least some moving into deeper water in winter. Adults are found in near surface waters (Ref. 38984), usually in shallow areas overlying continental shelf, in greatest abundance immediately adjacent to major estuaries (Ref. 4639). Juveniles are also generally pelagic, with smallest size groups farthest up river (Ref. 38986). Form large and very compact schools, both of juveniles and adults. Migrate north - south; also in and out of bays and inlets. Feed by filtering phytoplankton (diatoms (Ref. 5951)) and zooplankton (small crustaceans, annelid worms and detritus (Ref. 5951)). High water temperatures apparently limit breeding. Spawn probably all year; nursery areas in estuaries. Larvae are pelagic (Ref. 38985), probably spend about a month in waters over continental shelf (Ref. 38983), entering estuarine waters at about 10 mm and larger (Ref. 844). Marketed fresh, salted, canned or smoked. Mainly used for production of oil, fertilizer and fishmeal (Ref. 188). Parasites found are isopods, copepod, cestodes and trematodes (Ref. 37032).
在夏天發現於岸邊., 但是冬天時至少一些遷進較深的水域。 成魚被發現於接近水表面 (參考文獻 38984), 通常在過度地大陸棚的水淺的區域, 在最大的豐度中緊鄰主要的河口.(參考文獻 4639) 稚魚也通常是大洋性, 魚群最小溯河最遠。 (參考文獻 38986) 形成大的與非常緊密的魚群, 稚魚與成魚都有。 迴游南北; 也在灣內中來回進出。 濾食浮游植物 (矽藻 (參考文獻 5951)) 與浮游動物。 (小型甲殼動物, 環節動物蠕蟲與碎屑 (參考文獻 5951)) 高水溫顯然地限制繁殖。 整年可能產卵; 在河口的繁殖場。 仔魚是大洋性的 (參考文獻 38985), 大約一個月可能在大陸棚 (參考文獻 38983) 上的水域中度過, 於大約 10 mm 進入河口的水域與比較大的.(參考文獻 844) 在市場上銷售新鮮的﹐鹽醃的, 將或者裝於罐頭煙燻.。 主要地用來.油，肥料與魚粉的生產。 (參考文獻 188) 發現的寄生蟲是等足目動物，橈腳類的動物，條蟲與吸蟲。 (參考文獻 37032)
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 7.5 - 24.4, mean 13.2 °C (based on 120 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00598 - 0.01751), b=3.14 (2.99 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.2 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.8 (2.4 - 3.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 38
growth studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.4; tm=1-3; Fec=38,000).
Prior r = 0.31, 95% CL = 0.20 - 0.46, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (45 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 87.7 [51.9, 140.0] mg/100g; Iron = 1.45 [0.83, 2.30] mg/100g; Protein = 20 [19, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.58 [0.35, 0.93] g/100g; Selenium = 21.6 [11.4, 40.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.6 [3.6, 21.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.964 [0.676, 1.343] mg/100g (wet weight);
