Scophthalmus maximus, Turbot : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish, aquarium

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Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Turbot
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Scophthalmus maximus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Scophthalmus maximus (Turbot)
Scophthalmus maximus
Afbeelding van Quantz, G.

Ireland country information

Common names: An turbard, Turbot
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: occasional (usually not seen) | Ref: Minchin, D., 1987
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: commercial | Ref: FAO, 1997
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ei.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Muus, B. and P. Dahlström, 1978
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Rodaballo, Калкан, 大菱鲆, ... more

Classificatie / Namen Lokale namen | Synoniemen | Catalog of Fishes(Genus, Soort(en)) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Scophthalmidae (Turbots)
Etymology: Scophthalmus: Greek, skopelos = a lantern fish + Greek, ophthalmos = eyes (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / Klimaatzone / Diepte / distribution range Ecologie

marien; brak water demersaal; oceanodroom (Ref. 51243); diepte 20 - 70 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 70°N - 30°N, 25°W - 42°E

Verspreiding Landen | FAO regio's | Ecosystemen | Voorkomen | Verspreidingskaart | Introducties | Faunafri

Northeast Atlantic: throughout the Mediterranean and along the European coasts to Arctic Circle; also found in most of the Baltic Sea. Subspecies Psetta maxima maeotica in the Black Sea.

Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd

Maturiteit: Lm 40.8, range 41 - 54 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 25 Jaren (Ref. 32766)

Korte beschrijving Determinatiesleutels | Morfologie | Morfometrie

Body almost circular. Eye side without scales but with large bony tubercles (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.

Biologie     Verklarende woordenlijst (bv. epibenthic)

Adults live on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms; rather common in brackish waters. Feed mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Spawning season is between April and August; pelagic eggs. May reach 25 kg (Ref. 9988). Highly esteemed food fish. Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

Levenscyclus en paargedrag Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven

Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning every 2-4 days. Eggs have a single fat drop. Larvae are initially symmetric but, at the end of the metamorphosis (day 40-50, 25 mm), the right eye moves to the left side, losing its initial bilateral symmetry. Egg size 0.9 - 1.2 mm, larval length at hatching 2.7-3.1 mm.

Hoofdreferentie Upload uw referenties | Referenties | Coördinator | Medewerkers

Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)

Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)

  Niet bedreigd (LC) ; Date assessed: 07 December 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Gevaar voor de mens

  Harmless





Gebruik door de mens

Visserij: commercieel; Aquacultuur: commercieel; sportvis: ja; Aquarium: Publieke aquaria
FAO - Aquaculture systems: productie, soortsprofiel; visserij: aanvoer; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Meer informatie

Trofische ecologie
Food items (preys)
Dieetsamenstelling
Voedselconsumptie
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Predatoren
Ecologie
Ecologie
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Population dynamics
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Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Lengtefrequenties
Massaconversie
Rekrutering
Abundantie
Life cycle
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Maturiteit
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Fecunditeit
Paaien
Spawning aggregations
Eieren
Ontwikkeling van de eieren
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Larvale populatiedynamiek
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genoom
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Lokale namen
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Afbeeldingen
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Referenties

Tools

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Speciale rapporten

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Overzichtspagina | Puntgegevens | Lokale namen | Foto's

Internetbronnen

AFORO (otoliths) | Exoten/Invasieve soorten database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | Bekijk FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genus, Soort(en) | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - Aquaculture systems: productie, soortsprofiel; visserij: aanvoer; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Nationale databanken | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Publieke aquaria | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: ga naar, zoek | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 5.9 - 11.9, mean 9.4 °C (based on 239 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5645   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00922 - 0.01365), b=3.06 (3.00 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278):  4.4   ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.8 (3.8 - 5.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24 growth studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179):  Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (K=0.15-0.28; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=5 million).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 9 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (60 of 100). 🛈
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  High vulnerability (65 of 100). 🛈
Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766):   Very high.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 28.5 [12.1, 48.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.144 [0.058, 0.649] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.275 [0.153, 0.500] g/100g; Selenium = 14.1 [6.4, 33.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.19 [2.10, 35.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.156 [0.092, 0.524] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.