Common names from other countries
البيئة: الوسط / المنطقة المناخية / نطاق العمق / نطاق التوزيع
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة القاع; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 20 - 70 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 70°N - 30°N, 25°W - 42°E
Northeast Atlantic: throughout the Mediterranean and along the European coasts to Arctic Circle; also found in most of the Baltic Sea. Subspecies Psetta maxima maeotica in the Black Sea.
الطول عند النضج الأول / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm 40.8, range 41 - 54 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); العمر: 25 سنين (Ref. 32766)
Body almost circular. Eye side without scales but with large bony tubercles (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.
Adults live on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms; rather common in brackish waters. Feed mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Spawning season is between April and August; pelagic eggs. May reach 25 kg (Ref. 9988). Highly esteemed food fish. Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning every 2-4 days. Eggs have a single fat drop. Larvae are initially symmetric but, at the end of the metamorphosis (day 40-50, 25 mm), the right eye moves to the left side, losing its initial bilateral symmetry. Egg size 0.9 - 1.2 mm, larval length at hatching 2.7-3.1 mm.
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
حالة القائمة الحمراء للاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة والموارد الطبيعية (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; الأستزراع المائي: تجاري; لعبة سمكه: نعم; حوض مائي: احواض مائية عامة
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
تنزيل XML
مصادر علي الأنترنت
تقديرات تستند إلى النماذج
درجة الحرارة المفضلة (مرجع
123201): 5.9 - 11.9, mean 9.4 °C (based on 239 cells).
مؤشر التنوع الشُعبي الوراثي (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5645 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00917 - 0.01373), b=3.06 (3.00 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (مرجع
69278): 4.4 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.8 (3.8 - 5.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24
growth studies.
المرونه (مرجع
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (K=0.15-0.28; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=5 million).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 9 full stock assessments.
ضعف الصيد (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
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قابلية التأثر بالمناخ (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (65 of 100).
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المغذيات (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 28.5 [12.1, 48.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.144 [0.058, 0.649] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.275 [0.153, 0.500] g/100g; Selenium = 14.1 [6.4, 33.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.19 [2.10, 35.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.156 [0.092, 0.524] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
