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Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) > Torpediniformes (Electric rays) > Narkidae (Sleeper rays)
Etymology: More on author: Gray.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Marine; demersal. Tropical; 13°N - 2°N, 92°E - 111°E (Ref. 114953)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Eastern Indian Ocean and North-West Pacific; Thailand to Vietnam, including Malaysia.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 11.5, range 11 - 12 cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9913)

Found in continental waters, both inshore and offshore (Ref. 9913); primarily inshore on soft substrates (Ref. 114953). Probably feeds on small benthic invertebrates. Females reported to produce 4 pups a litter (Ref. 114953). Biology little known (Ref. 9913). Maturity size of males reaches at 8-10 cm TL (Ref. 114953).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator : Carvalho, Marcelo | Collaborators

Compagno, L.J.V. and P.R. Last, 1999. Narkidae. Sleeper rays. p. 1443-1446. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9913)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Vulnerable (VU) (A2d); Date assessed: 31 October 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Other

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial; aquarium: public aquariums

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 23.2 - 28.4, mean 27.3 °C (based on 365 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 1.0002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.3 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

Resilience (Ref. 120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Assuming fecundity<100).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Temera hardwickii Gray, 1831