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Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada (Ref. 7251) southward through the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Morocco to South Africa, including the Madeira, Canary, Cape Verde, Ascension and St. Helena islands (Ref. 7097).
Length at first maturity / Size / Вес / Возраст
Maturity: Lm11.0 range ? - ? cm Max length : 30.0 cm SL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 3277); common length : 18.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 5217); наибольший вес (опубликованные данные): 300.00 g (Ref. 26340)
колючие лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 9; членистые (мягкие) лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 30 - 34; колючие лучи анального плавника: 3; членистые (мягкие) лучи анального плавника: 26 - 29. Greenish above, whitish below; adults with 3-1 small black spots on curved LL; opercle with small black spot (Ref. 3197).
Adults inhabit neritic waters, often near sandy beaches (Ref. 5217). A shoaling species, generally near the bottom (Ref. 27121). They feed on planktonic invertebrates, primarily copepods, but also on gastropod larvae, ostracods and pteropods (Ref. 3277). Spawning occurs well offshore year-round (Ref. 26938). Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 4233). A good food fish (Ref. 9626). Caught commercially and used mainly for bait.
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., J.-C. Quéro and M. Desoutter, 1990. Carangidae. p. 729-755. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7097)
Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 13.5 - 27.8, mean 24.3 °C (based on 900 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00752 - 0.01752), b=2.99 (2.86 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.4 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (Ref. 120179): высокий, минимальное время удвоения популяции до 15 месяцев (K=0.32; tm<1; Fec=28,600).
Prior r = 1.20, 95% CL = 0.79 - 1.80, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100).
