分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Beloniformes (Needle fishes)
頜針魚目 (Needle fishes) >
Belonidae (Needlefishes)
頜針魚科 (Needlefishes)
Etymology: Belone: Greek, belone = needle; any fish with sharp pointed snout; also Pierre Belon, 1517-64, French zoologist born in Le Mans. Professor at the College de France, author of " La nature et diversité des poissons", 1551 (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Issue
According to authors cited by Evenhuis (1997: Ref. 115711: 480-482), the date of publication of the species should be 1760.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 2 - 22 m (Ref. 130220). 溫帶; 65°N - 14°N, 32°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Three subspecies were recognized by Collette and Parin (1970, Ref. 34977) Belone belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) (Northeast Atlantic); Belone belone euxini Günther, 1866 (Black Sea and Sea of Azov); Belone belone acus Risso, 1827 (Mediterranean Sea and adjacent parts of Atlantic Ocean, Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores, and south to Cape Verde (Ref. 50279); subspecies Belone belone gracilis Lowe, 1839 (France to the Canary Islands including the Mediterranean) in Collette & Parin, 1990 (Ref. 5757).
東大西洋與地中海。 三個亞種被辨識特徵為 Collette 與 Parin(1970, 參考文獻 34977) 頜針魚〔Belone belone〕 belone(林奈,1761)(東北大西洋); 頜針魚〔Belone belone〕 euxini Gunther,1866(黑海與亞速海); 頜針魚〔Belone belone〕 acus Risso,1827(地中海與大西洋，馬得拉群島，加納利群島，亞速群島的毗連部份, 而且南至維德角;(參考文獻 50279) 亞種 頜針魚〔Belone belone〕 gracilis Lowe,1839(法國到加納利群島包括地中海) 在 Collette&Parin,1990.(參考文獻 5757)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 104 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 123983); common length : 45.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3397); 最大體重: 1.4 kg (Ref. 113079)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 16 - 20; 臀鰭軟條: 19 - 23. Jaw teeth comparatively large and widely spaced. Vertebrae 75-84. Vomerine teeth present at lengths greater than 20 cam. Lower jaw a little longer than upper jaw. Juveniles with greatly elongated jaw, without black posterior dorsal fin lobe.
頜齒比較大與空隙大的。 脊椎骨 75-84. 有鋤骨齒最後大於 20個凸輪。 下頜稍微比上頜長。 稚魚有非常細長的頜, 沒有黑色的在後部的背鰭葉。
Lives close to the surface and has a migratory pattern similar to the mackerel (Ref. 35388). Feeds on small fishes, particularly clupeids and Engraulis (in the Black Sea). Leaps out of the water when hooked. Oviparous (Ref. 205). Eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg's surface (Ref. 205). Utilized fresh and frozen; can be fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 130219.
生活於接近表面而且有一個迴游的形態類似鯖.(參考文獻 35388) 吃小魚, 特別地鯡魚與 Engraulis.(在黑海) 當鉤住，從水中跳出來。 卵生的.(參考文獻 205) 卵可能被發現於在卵的表面上的捲鬚水依附於目標。 (參考文獻 205) 生鮮使用與冷凍; 能被油炸, 火烤而且燒烤。 (參考文獻 9988)
Oviparous (Ref. 205).東大西洋與地中海。 三個亞種被辨識特徵為 Collette 與 Parin(1970, 參考文獻 34977) 頜針魚〔Belone belone〕 belone(林奈,1761)(東北大西洋); 頜針魚〔Belone belone〕 euxini Gunther,1866(黑海與亞速海); 頜針魚〔Belone belone〕 acus Risso,1827(地中海與大西洋，馬得拉群島，加納利群島，亞速群島的毗連部份, 而且南至維德角;(參考文獻 50279) 亞種 頜針魚〔Belone belone〕 gracilis Lowe,1839(法國到加納利群島包括地中海) 在 Collette&Parin,1990.(參考文獻 5757)
Collette, B.B. and N.V. Parin, 1986. Belonidae. p. 604-609. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Volume 2. Unesco, Paris. (Ref. 5505)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.8 - 20, mean 11.3 °C (based on 548 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00105 (0.00085 - 0.00129), b=3.08 (3.02 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2; Fec=1000).
Prior r = 0.43, 95% CL = 0.28 - 0.64, Based on 6 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 50.7 [17.3, 178.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.407 [0.148, 0.981] mg/100g; Protein = 17.8 [15.7, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.702 [0.293, 1.650] g/100g; Selenium = 9.33 [3.62, 22.32] μg/100g; VitaminA = 18.6 [5.4, 78.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.482 [0.202, 0.927] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
