Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ökologie
seewasser; brackwasser; tiefenbereich 0 - 50 m (Ref. 189). Subtropical; 2°S - 39°S, 60°W - 32°W (Ref. 189)
Southwest Atlantic: Ceará, Brazil southward to Mar de la Plata, Argentina.
Size / Gewicht / Alter
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 14.9 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 122735); common length : 6.5 cm SL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 189); max. veröff. Gewicht: 24.10 g (Ref. 122735)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 0; Afterflossenstacheln: 0; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 16 - 19. Snout long, pointed, about 3/4 eye diameter; maxilla moderate, tip not sharply pointed, not or only just reaching to hind border of pre-operculum; gill cover canals of panamensis-type. Anal fin short, its origin below or behind midpoint of dorsal fin base. A broad silver stripe along flank, about 3/4 eye diameter.
A schooling species found in coastal waters, but also entering brackish water. More data needed (Ref. 189). Found in markets (Ref. 37032). Largely utilized as bait for commercial fishery, oil, flour, and also canned fish (Ref. 103984).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Fortpflanzung | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven
Spawn in school (Ref. 205).
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: weniger kommerziell
Tools
Zusatzinformationen
Download XML
Internet Quellen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 15.8 - 27.2, mean 22.6 °C (based on 64 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00550 (0.00324 - 0.00932), b=3.11 (2.97 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 0.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): hoch, Verdopplung der Population dauert weniger als 15 Monate. (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).