Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
; Nước ngọt; Thuộc về nước lợ Sống nổi và đáy; di cư trong nước ngọt (Ref. 51243); Mức độ sâu 0 - 27 m (Ref. 11002). Subtropical; 1°C - 29°C (Ref. 12741); 70°N - 30°N, 137°W - 69°W (Ref. 86798)
North America: St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, Arctic, and Mississippi River basins from Quebec to Northwest Territories in Canada, and south to Alabama and Arkansas in the USA; possibly native to Mobile Bay basin. Widely introduced elsewhere in the USA, including Atlantic and Pacific drainages.
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm 42.5, range 36 - 44.8 cm
Max length : 107 cm FL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 1998); common length : 54.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 12193); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 11.3 kg (Ref. 4699); Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 29 các năm (Ref. 12193)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 13 - 17; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 18 - 22; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 2; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 11 - 14; Động vật có xương sống: 44 - 48. Nuptial tubercles absent. Differentiation of sexes difficult. Branchiostegal rays 7,7 or 7,8 (Ref. 1998).
Occurs in lakes, pools, backwaters, and runs of medium to large rivers. Frequently found in clear water, usually near brush (Ref. 86798). Prefers large, shallow lakes with high turbidity (Ref. 9988, 10294). Rarely found in brackish waters (Ref. 1998). Feeds at night, mainly on insects and fishes (prefers yellow perch and freshwater drum but will take any fish available) but feeds on crayfish, snails, frogs, mudpuppies, and small mammals when fish and insects are scarce (Ref. 1998). Although not widely farmed commercially for consumption, large numbers are hatched and raised for stocking lakes for game fishing (Ref. 9988). Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Spawning occurs in small groups (a larger female and two smaller males or two females and up to six males) that engage in chasing, circular swimming, and fin erection. The group then ascends to shallow water, females roll on their side, and eggs and sperm are released. Deposition of eggs usually occurs in a single night (Ref. 1998). Larvae pelagic (Ref. 7471).
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00631 (0.00480 - 0.00830), b=3.15 (3.07 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.7 (3.0 - 3.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 42
growth studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): thấp, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 4.5 - 14 năm (K=0.05-0.45; tm=2-4; tmax=29; Fec=41,061).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 83.9 [34.8, 196.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.483 [0.192, 1.201] mg/100g; Protein = 18.1 [16.9, 19.3] %; Omega3 = 0.17 [0.07, 0.35] g/100g; Selenium = 7.44 [1.82, 31.88] μg/100g; VitaminA = 18.6 [6.9, 51.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.913 [0.526, 1.539] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
