Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marinhas; estuarina associadas(os) a recifes; oceanódromo (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 30 - 160 m (Ref. 89707). Subtropical; 40°N - 27°S, 98°W - 38°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA (with juveniles occurring as far north as Massachusetts) to the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Rare in Bermuda; one record in Cuba; also reported from eastern Brazil.
Comprimento de primeira maturação / Tamanho / Peso / Idade
Maturity: Lm 63.1, range 51 - ? cm
Max length : 145 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 3708); peso máx. publicado: 36.5 kg (Ref. 40637); idade máx. registrada: 31 anos (Ref. 118445)
Espinhos dorsais (total): 11; Raios dorsais (total): 16-18; Espinhos anais 3; Raios anais : 10 - 12. Distinguished by the following characteristics: adult females and juveniles are generally brownish grey with dark vermiculations; camouflage phase has 5 dark brown saddles separated by short white bars below the dorsal fin; large males sometimes display a "black-belly" and "black-back" phase; black-belly phase is mostly pale grey, with faint dark reticulations below soft dorsal fin, belly and ventral part of the body above anal fin black, as are margin of the soft dorsal fin, central rear part of caudal fin and rear margins of pectoral and pelvic fins; depth of body contained 3.0-3.5 times in SL; head length 2.5-2.7 times in SL; convex interorbital area; angle of preopercle produced into a rounded lobe bearing enlarged serrae; posterior nostrils of adults much larger than anterior ones; smooth lateral body scales, except those covering pectoral fin (Ref. 89707).
Juveniles occur in estuaries and seagrass beds; adults are usually found offshore on rocky bottom (rarely to 152 m), occasionally inshore on rocky or grassy bottom. It is the most common grouper on rocky ledges in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Adults are either solitary or in groups of 5 to 50 individuals; feed mainly on fishes, some crabs, shrimps, and cephalopods. Juveniles (less than 20 cm) feed mainly on crustaceans that live in shallow grass beds.
Indeterminate, multiple spawner (Ref. 86690).
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
Status na Lista Vermelha da UICN (Ref. 130435)
Ameaça para os humanos
Harmless
Uso pelos humanos
Pescarias: altamente comercial; peixe esportivo: sim
Mais informação
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Fontes da internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 18.3 - 27.1, mean 23.8 °C (based on 123 cells).
Índice de diversidade filogenética (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00955 (0.00767 - 0.01189), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliência (Ref.
120179): médio(a), tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 1,4 - 4,4 anos (K=0.12-0.16; tm=3-8; tmax=16; Fec>10,000).
Prior r = 0.51, 95% CL = 0.34 - 0.77, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (73 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 11.5 [6.4, 24.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.464 [0.235, 0.829] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [17.6, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.214 [0.122, 0.378] g/100g; Selenium = 24.6 [12.6, 49.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 38.1 [11.4, 150.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.57 [0.38, 0.89] mg/100g (wet weight);
