Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien; brak water benthopelagisch; diepte 0 - 300 m (Ref. 121773). Subtropical; 36°N - 4°N, 26°W - 3°E
Eastern Central Atlantic: Morocco to Guinea-Bissau (Ref. 26999). Reported in Togo (Ref. 86641).
Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 7399); common length : 30.0 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 7399)
Occur in large schools, sometimes in deep offshore waters (Ref. 2804). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag
Maturities | Voortplanting | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven
Thomson, J.M., 1990. Mugilidae. p. 855-859. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7399)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Gevaar voor de mens
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: commercieel
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Internetbronnen
Estimates based on models
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00528 - 0.02495), b=2.95 (2.78 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (Assuming tm=2-4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 131 [47, 390] mg/100g; Iron = 2 [0, 9] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [17.4, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.518 [0.214, 1.228] g/100g; Selenium = 63.5 [23.2, 206.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15 [4, 59] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.22 [1.05, 5.52] mg/100g (wet weight);