分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
鱸形目 (Cichlids, convict blennies) >
Cichlidae (Cichlids)
慈鯛科魚類 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Oreochromis: Latin, aurum = gold + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335); leucostictus: From the Greek "leukostiktos" = with white spots, referring to the white spotted color pattern of this species (Ref. 55074).
More on author: Trewavas.
Issue
Species also referred to as Tilapia nigra x T. zillii (Ref. 5166).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; pH range: 7.0 - 9.0; dH range: 10 - ?; 深度上下限 0 - 10 m (Ref. 34291). 熱帶; 26°C - 28°C (Ref. 2060); 2°N - 2°S
Africa: Lakes Edward, George and Albert and affluent rivers and streams of these lakes and of the Semliki River (Ref. 5166). Also in tributaries of the Aswa River where it is not certain whether it occurs naturally or has been introduced (Ref. 5166, 34290). Introduced from Lake Albert to Lake Victoria and fish ponds in catchment (Ref. 1739, 4967); also introduced in Lake Kivu (Ref. 107916). Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.
非洲: 這些湖的愛德華湖，喬治湖與艾伯特湖與支流與溪流與 Semliki 河; Aswa 河 (可能的引入) 的支流. 從湖艾伯特湖到維多利亞湖與魚池塘在流域中引入。 (參考文獻 4967) 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 19.5, range 6 - 22 cm
Max length : 36.3 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 56123)
背棘 (總數) : 15 - 18; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10 - 13; 臀棘: 3 - 4; 臀鰭軟條: 9 - 11; 脊椎骨: 27 - 29. Diagnosis: A small medium-sized tilapia, with a relatively deep, flattened body and small head and jaws (Ref. 118638). Lower jaw not longer than 34% of the head, preorbital depth not more than 23.2%; teeth of jaws and pharynx very small, those of the lower pharyngeal restricted to the posterior part of the pad; 27-29 vertebrae (Ref. 2). Scales on lateral line 28-30 (Ref. 2, 34290, 54836), rarely 31 or 32 (Ref. 2). Gill-rakers on lower part of first gill-arch 19-24 (Ref. 34290, 54836). Length/depth ratio of caudal peduncle 0.5-0.8 (Ref. 34290). Males are black with white spots on the flanks and fins; females are more olive coloured, with pale ventral regions, faint vertical barring and dark anal and tail fins (Ref. 2, 4903, 34290, 118638). Lower lip often bluish-white; 8 to 12 dark vertical stripes sometimes visible on flanks (Ref. 2, 4903, 34290). Dorsal, anal and caudal fins dark; soft dorsal, entire caudal and anal fins with well-defined bluish-white spots (Ref. 4903, 34290). Genital papilla intensely white in both sexes (Ref. 2). Ground color in breeding males changes to dark blue-black, whilst whitish spots on body and fins are intensified; eye outstanding with its bright amber iris crossed by a black bar (Ref. 2, 4903, 34290).
在每個鱗片與背鰭上的成魚通常深橄欖綠色的有白色的斑點;(參考文獻 4967) 下唇時常藍色的; 八到十一條黑的垂直斑紋有時看得見的在側面上.(參考文獻 34290) 背鰭、臀鰭與尾鰭黑的, 柔軟背部而整個的尾鰭與臀鰭具有很清晰藍白色的斑點.(參考文獻 34290)
Occupies an inshore zone and is common in lagoons (Ref. 87). Occasionally forms schools (Ref. 2, 39939). Is mainly diurnal (Ref. 2). Can tolerate considerable deoxygenation (Ref. 2, 1739, 4903, 13046, 32297) and warm temperatures (Ref. 2060), known to occur at 38.0 °C (Ref. 2). Feeds on phytoplankton (Ref. 2, 21, 4903, 34291, 55486) and detritus (Ref. 34291, 55486, 56058). Ovophilic (Ref. 2060), a maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 4903, 34291, 55074, 118638). Males dig simple pits in shallow water (Ref. 118638). Strongly prone to precocious maturity; this makes it an undesirable aquaculture species (Ref. 118638). Caught in large numbers by small-meshed nets in shallow swampy areas, where it has become established (Ref. 118638). When stocked along with Nile tilapia, probably will assist in filling all suitable niches and competitively excluding native species (Ref. 118638).
佔領一個近海區域而且是常見於潟湖。 (參考文獻 87) 偶然地形成魚群。 (參考文獻 2,39939) 主要日行性。 (參考文獻 2) 能容忍相當多的 deoxygenation(參考文獻 2,1739,4903,13046,32297) 與被知道在 38.0 °C 出現的溫暖的溫度 (參考文獻 2060) 。 (參考文獻 2) 吃浮游植物 (參考文獻 2,21,4903,34291,55486) 與碎屑。 (參考文獻 34291,55486,56058) Ovophilic(參考文獻 2060), 雌性的口孵者.(參考文獻 4903,34291,55074)
Breeds over shallow muddy bottoms in sheltered inlets and in the papyrus fringe (Ref. 56123). Ripe males are found near the bottom over particular nesting areas (Ref. 39939). Males establish territory and make a nest by mouth-digging (Ref. 2), actively preventing invasion by other fishes (Ref. 39939). Nests made in shallow water, 15-300cm deep (Ref. 2, 56123), 16-20cm in diameter and 1-4m apart, dug in coarse leaf-debris or on shallow muddy bottoms (Ref. 2, 39939). Brooding females from the lagoons are found in pools adjacent to the lagoons/nursery swamps (Ref. 2, 39939). Fry spent their early days in shallow, grassy (Ref. 2, 32297, 39939) and deoxygenated swamps (Ref. 56123), but move to deeper water as their length increases (Ref. 32297, 39939).非洲: 這些湖的愛德華湖，喬治湖與艾伯特湖與支流與溪流與 Semliki 河; Aswa 河 (可能的引入) 的支流. 從湖艾伯特湖到維多利亞湖與魚池塘在流域中引入。 (參考文獻 4967) 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Trewavas, E., 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2)
人類使用
漁業: ; 養殖: 實驗的; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.00751 - 0.02539), b=2.98 (2.83 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.3 ±0.14 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.63; assumed tmax>2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (25 of 100).
