分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Clupea: Latin, clupea = sardine, derived from Clupeus = shield; doubtless a reference to the scales covering the body of the fish + Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335); pallasii: Named after Petrus Simon Pallas, great Russian naturalist and explorer (Ref. 6885).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水; 非迁移的; 深度上下限 0 - 475 m (Ref. 58426). 溫帶; 77°N - 33°N, 34°E - 119°W (Ref. 54336)
Arctic: White Sea eastward to Ob inlet. Western Pacific: Anadyr Bay, eastern coasts of Kamchatka, possibly the Aleutian Islands southward to Japan and west coast of Korea. Eastern Pacific: Kent Peninsula at 107°W and Beaufort Sea southward to northern Baja California, Mexico.
北極圈: 白海向東至鄂比河小水灣。 西太平洋: 阿納德爾灣 , 勘察加的東岸,可能地阿留申群島向南至日本與韓國的西岸。 東太平洋: 肯特半島在 107 ° W 與碧佛海洋向南至墨西哥的下加利福尼亞北部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 21.4 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 27436); common length : 25.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大年龄: 19 年 (Ref. 27547)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 13 - 21; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 12 - 23; 脊椎骨: 46 - 58. Without prominent keel; no median notch in upper jaw. Gill cover without radiating bony striae. No distinctive dark spots on body or fins. Overlaps C. harengus in White Sea, but distinguished by fewer vertebrae (usually 52 to 55; cf. usually 55 to 57) and fewer post-pelvic scutes (10 to 14; cf. 12 to 16). Dark blue to olivaceous above, shading to silver below (Ref. 27547). Precaudal vertebrae: 29-31-32; caudal vertebrae: 19-22-22 (Ref. 265).
没有突出的龙骨脊; 在上颌中的没有中央的凹槽。 没有放射状骨质陷纹的鳃盖。 没有在身体或鳍上的特殊的深色斑点。 在白海的重叠 C. harengus, 但是藉着较少的脊椎骨区别了 (通常 52 到 55; 比较通常 55 到 57) 与比较少的在腹鳍之后的鳞甲 (10 到 14; 比较 12 到 16). 对橄榄色的上方深蓝色, 颜色变化成下面银色的.(参考文献 27547) 尾前椎: 29-31-32; 尾部的脊椎骨: 19-22-22.(参考文献 265)
Neritic species (Ref. 11230). A coastal and schooling species (Ref. 188). Landlocked populations exist. Mature adults migrate inshore, entering estuaries to breed. During the summer of their first year, young form schools in shallow bays, inlets and channels that appear at the surface; these schools disappear in the fall and remain in deep water for the next 2-3 years (Ref. 6885, 27547). Young feed mainly on crustaceans, but also take decapod and mollusk larvae; adults prey mainly on large crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 6885, 27547). Because it does not undertake extensive coastal migrations, the mixing of local populations is relatively rare (Ref. 27547). In the eastern Pacific, the fish is mainly caught for roe markets in Asia (Ref. 9988). There is a fishery for eggs laid on kelp, which when salted, is called kazunoko-kombu, and is considered a delicacy in Japan (Ref. 27547). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked, canned, and frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled, and baked (Ref. 9988). Possibly to 475 m depth (Ref. 6793).
浅海的种.(参考文献 11230) 一个海岸与群游性种.(参考文献 188) 陆封的族群存在。 成熟的成鱼移动沿海地区,进入河口到繁殖。 在他们的第一的年的夏天期间, 幼鱼 在出现在水表面的浅湾，小水湾与峡道中形成鱼群; 这些鱼群消失秋天时而且逗留在深水域下一个 2-3 年。 (参考文献 6885,27547) 幼鱼主要吃甲壳动物, 但也吃十足目与软件动物幼生; 成鱼主要捕食大的甲壳动物与小鱼。 (参考文献 6885,27547) 因为它不会进行广泛的沿岸回游, 地方族群的混合是相當稀有的。 (參考文獻 27547) 在東太平洋中，魚在亞洲是因為主要地而捕捉的魚白需求市場。 (參考文獻 9988) 有一個專門捕撈產在海藻上的卵漁業, 當它鹽醃的, 被稱為 kazunoko-kombu, 而且在日本一般認為一個佳餚.(參考文獻 27547) 被用於中藥材了。 (參考文獻 12166) 生鮮使用, 乾燥或鹽醃, 煙燻,, 裝於罐頭與冷凍; 吃油鍋炸的, 烤的與烘乾的.(參考文獻 9988) 可能地對 475 公尺深.(參考文獻 6793)
Oviparous (Ref. 265). A female turns to her side, deposits her eggs on the bottom and resumes an upright posture. This procedure is repeated until all eggs have been laid, which may take several days (Ref. 11548). As eggs are being deposited, males are releasing milt, fertilizing the eggs (Ref. 27547). There is no observable pairing of the sexes; the whole spawning area is white with milt (Ref. 11558).北極圈: 白海向東至鄂比河小水灣。 西太平洋: 阿納德爾灣 , 勘察加的東岸,可能地阿留申群島向南至日本與韓國的西岸。 東太平洋: 肯特半島在 107 ° W 與碧佛海洋向南至墨西哥的下加利福尼亞北部。
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 诱饵: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.2 - 9.7, mean 2.8 °C (based on 966 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00521 - 0.00800), b=3.07 (3.01 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.2 (2.3 - 5.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 13
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Musick et al. 2000 (Ref.
36717)).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.49 - 1.11, Based on 4 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 113 [31, 265] mg/100g; Iron = 0.652 [0.379, 1.109] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.4, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 1 [1, 2] g/100g; Selenium = 16 [5, 49] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.1 [3.4, 67.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.18 [0.62, 2.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
