Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري مياه عميقة; نطاق العمق 350 - 3000 m (Ref. 1371), usually 1200 - 2700 m (Ref. 5951). Deep-water; 70°N - 68°S, 180°W - 180°E
Circumglobal: Except the North Pacific north of 10°N. Reported from the Walvis Ridge and near the Discovery and Meteor seamounts (Ref. 44938).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 42.0, range 41 - 43 cm
Max length : 75.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 5208); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 3.3 kg (Ref. 128737); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 3.3 kg; العمر: 44 سنين (Ref. 128738)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 55 - 61; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 36 - 44; فقرات: 57 - 60. Blue-grey to blackish (Ref. 6606).
Found on the continental slope and upper rise (Ref. 6606). Epibenthic (Ref. 58426) and benthopelagic (Ref. 5951). Deep waters to 3277 m (Ref. 58426). May move offshore with age and spawn in the deep parts of its range. Off the eastern coast of United States, it is speculated that the population use the area only as feeding grounds with spawning taking place to the north. Feed on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 9319). Maximum weight of female from Ref. 128738.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 1.9 - 4.6, mean 2.9 °C (based on 4347 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00331 (0.00267 - 0.00411), b=3.15 (3.08 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.47 se; based on food items.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): منخفظ جدا, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع أكثر من 14 سنة (K=0.05-1.0; tm=15; tmax=44).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19.8 [5.7, 48.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.264 [0.114, 0.738] mg/100g; Protein = 17.6 [15.8, 19.4] %; Omega3 = 0.114 [0.044, 0.291] g/100g; Selenium = 25.8 [8.1, 70.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 19.4 [2.2, 160.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.507 [0.276, 1.026] mg/100g (wet weight);
