分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Acanthuriformes (Surgeonfishes) >
Ephippidae (Spadefishes, batfishes and scats)
Etymology: Proteracanthus: Greek, proteros = former + Greek, akantha = thorn (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类. 熱帶
Western Central Pacific: Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo.
中西太平洋: 馬來亞，蘇門答臘與婆羅洲。
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 32.5 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 7050)
背棘 (总数) : 10; 背的软条 (总数) : 14 - 16; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 13 - 15. Greenish brown dorsally, paler on flanks, silvery below, the scales dark edged, forming dark longitudinal lines. Body oblong and compressed, its depth 1.9 to 2.1 times in SL. Head length 3.4 to 3.7 times in SL. Dorsal head profile evenly curved from snout to dorsal-fin origin. Mouth subterminal, the upper jaw not protrusible, projecting somewhat in front of lower jaw. Jaws with bands of slender, flattened, tricuspid teeth, the middle cusp slightly longer than lateral cusps. No teeth on vomer or palatines. Five pores on each side of lower jaw. Preopercle smooth except for a few weak, skin-covered serrae at the angle. Opercle ending in 2 blunt points. Branchiostegal membranes broadly joined to isthmus. First gill opening constricted. Hypobranchial connected to quadrate by skin (Ref 43039).
绿褐色的背面, 在侧面上的灰白, 下面银色的, 鳞片深色的边缘, 形成深色的纵向线。 身体长方形而扁长形的, 它的深度 1.9 到 2.1 标准体长比率。 头长 3.4 到 3.7 标准体长比率。 头部背面轮廓均匀地弯曲的从吻尖到背鳍起点。 嘴接近端位的, 不能伸展的上颌, 突出的略微在下颌之前。 颌部有条纹细长的, 平的, 三尖齿, 中央的尖头略长于侧面的尖头。 没有牙齿在牦骨或颚骨。 在下颌的两边上的五个孔。 前鳃盖骨平滑的以角除了一些弱又皮下的锯齿。 鳃盖的末端形成 2 钝的点。 鰓蓋薄膜寬廣地連到了峽部。 第一個鰓裂壓縮。 皮膚 (參考文獻 43039) 的鰓蓋上方被連接到的方骨.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
中西太平洋: 馬來亞，蘇門答臘與婆羅洲。
Kottelat, M., A.J. Whitten, S.N. Kartikasari and S. Wirjoatmodjo, 1993. Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. 221 p. (Ref. 7050)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 28 - 29.3, mean 28.8 °C (based on 1333 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00514 - 0.02450), b=3.04 (2.87 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
