分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
燕魟科 (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Bloch & Schneider.
Issue
Species complex include Gymnura lessae and
Gymnura sereti; distribution of and both species were included for Gymnura micrura. Distribution will be corrected.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 ? - 55 m (Ref. 27549). 深水域
Southwestern Atlantic: Venezuela, including Trinidad and Tobago, to Brazil (Rio de Janeiro).
西大西洋: 馬里蘭, 美國到巴西。 也墨西哥灣與南美洲到巴西北部.(參考文獻 26938) 東大西洋: 塞內加爾，甘比亞，獅子山，喀麥隆與剛果 (對剛果河的嘴巴).(參考文獻 4439) 來自斯里蘭卡外海，印度，馬來西亞，新加坡，越南，被查證的印尼婆羅沙洲與蘇門答臘與菲律賓需要的分類命名紀錄如果的確它是出現於大西洋中的相同的種.(參考文獻 9918)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 35.0, range 34 - 50 cm
Max length : 137 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4439); common length : 90.0 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 0.00 g
Broad, diamond-shaped ray with a very short tail lacking a dorsal spine (Ref. 26938). Snout protruding. Front edges of disk concave. Tail with low dorsal and ventral finfolds and 3 - 4 dark crossbars (Ref. 7251). Upper surface gray, brown, light green or purple with round spots. Lower surface white (Ref. 6902).
寬又菱形鰭條具有一個非常短的尾部沒有背棘.(參考文獻 26938) 吻伸出。 圓盤的前緣凹曲。 尾部有低的背部與腹的鰭褶與 3- 4個深色的交叉條紋.(參考文獻 7251) 上表皮灰色的﹐褐色﹐和淡綠色的或紫色有圓的斑點。 下表面白色.(參考文獻 6902)
Prefers neritic waters of the continental shelf and
usually found on soft bottoms. May enter brackish
estuaries or hyper-saline lagoons (Ref. 5217). Feeds on
fish and shrimps (Ref. 28587); other crustaceans and clams
(Ref. 27549). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Generally
marketed salted (Ref. 5217).
偏愛大陸棚的淺海水域而且通常發現於軟質底部。 可能進入半鹹淡的河口或高鹽度的潟湖。 (參考文獻 5217) 吃魚與蝦。 (參考文獻 28587) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 通常在市場上銷售鹽醃的.(參考文獻 5217)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).西大西洋: 馬里蘭, 美國到巴西。 也墨西哥灣與南美洲到巴西北部.(參考文獻 26938) 東大西洋: 塞內加爾，甘比亞，獅子山，喀麥隆與剛果 (對剛果河的嘴巴).(參考文獻 4439) 來自斯里蘭卡外海，印度，馬來西亞，新加坡，越南，被查證的印尼婆羅沙洲與蘇門答臘與菲律賓需要的分類命名紀錄如果的確它是出現於大西洋中的相同的種.(參考文獻 9918)
Yokota, L. and M.R. de Carvalho, 2017. Taxonomic and morphological revision of butterfly rays of Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) species complex, with the description of two new species (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae). Zootaxa 4332(1):1-74. (Ref. 116399)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
近危 (NT) (A2d); Date assessed: 19 September 2020
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.8 - 27.9, mean 25 °C (based on 544 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00513 (0.00312 - 0.00843), b=3.10 (2.95 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.53 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 7.1 [1.0, 38.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.314 [0.067, 0.935] mg/100g; Protein = 21.9 [18.4, 24.9] %; Omega3 = 0.234 [0.058, 0.711] g/100g; Selenium = 8.65 [2.29, 27.32] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.06 [1.19, 29.85] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.395 [0.196, 0.738] mg/100g (wet weight);
