分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Rhinopteridae (Cownose rays)
Etymology: Rhinoptera: Greek, rhinos = nose + Greek,pteron = fin, wing (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Mitchill.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 22 m (Ref. 26912). 熱帶; 46°N - 42°S, 98°W - 33°W
Western Atlantic: from New England (USA) to northern Argentina (Ref. 114953); including northern Florida (USA), throughout the Gulf of Mexico, migrating to Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil and Uruguay (Ref. 7251).
東大西洋: 茅利塔尼亞，塞內加爾與幾內亞。 西大西洋: 新英格蘭南部到佛羅里達北部 (美國) 與在被洄游至千里達，委內瑞拉巴西與烏拉圭的墨西哥灣各處.(參考文獻 7251)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 65.3, range 62 - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 953.00 g (Ref. 118626)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
Deep grove around front of head below eyes; forehead above groove indented, snout below groove is distinctly bilobed (Ref. 26938). Disk brown to olive above, with no spots or marks, wings long and pointed (Ref. 7251). Lower surface white or yellowish white (Ref. 6902).
眼睛下面的頭前周圍的深凹槽; 在凹槽上面的前額切割成鋸齒狀, 凹槽下的吻明顯分成兩葉。 (參考文獻 26938) 圓盤背面褐色到橄欖色的, 沒有斑點或標誌，翼長而尖的.(參考文獻 7251) 下表面白色或黃白色.(參考文獻 6902)
A benthopelagic species found on continental and insular shelves; enters bays and estuaries; forms huge schools inshore (Ref. 114953). Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates and molluscs (implicated in damaging seagrass beds) (Ref. 93252, 114953). Jumps occasionally, landing with a loud smack, probably as a territorial display. Migrates south in large schools that disappear off northern Florida, USA and are not reported from Caribbean Is.; tagged fish have been recovered in northern South America (Ref. 7251). Population in the Gulf of Mexico migrates clockwise; schools of up to 10,000 rays leave west coast of Florida for Yucatan, Mexico in the fall (Ref. 7251). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).
一個大洋性的種有時在海岸的附近發現。 (參考文獻 5217) 形成分離的群體.(參考文獻 12951) 偶然地跳躍, 登陸具有一個響亮的方式, 可能作為一個領域的展現。 迴游，南方在大群魚群消失於美國的佛羅里達北部外海而且不是記錄自加勒比海的島; 有標籤的魚曾經在南美洲北部找回。 (參考文獻 7251) 在墨西哥灣的族群順時針方向移動; 達到 10,000個鰭條的魚群為墨西哥的尤卡坦半島離開佛羅里達的西岸秋天時。 (參考文獻 7251) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).東大西洋: 茅利塔尼亞，塞內加爾與幾內亞。 西大西洋: 新英格蘭南部到佛羅里達北部 (美國) 與在被洄游至千里達，委內瑞拉巴西與烏拉圭的墨西哥灣各處.(參考文獻 7251)
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
工具
特別的報告
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網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20 - 28.1, mean 26.7 °C (based on 643 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.00693 - 0.02085), b=2.98 (2.82 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
