分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Esociformes (Pikes and mudminnows)
狗魚目 (Pikes and mudminnows) >
Umbridae (Mudminnows)
蔭魚科 (Mudminnows)
Etymology: More on author: Bean.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 居於水底的. 北方生物帶; 4°C - 14°C (Ref. 2059); 72°N - 55°N
North America: Alaska from Colville River delta south to central Alaska Peninsula near Chignik; upstream in Yukon-Tanana drainage to near Fairbanks. Also Bering Sea islands and northeastern Siberia, Russia.
北美洲: 來自 Colville 河三角州的阿拉斯加州南至在 Chignik 附近的中央的阿拉斯加州半島; 向上游在育空-Tanana 的流域到近的費班克。 也白令海島與東北方的西伯利亞，俄國。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 33.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5723); common length : 10.8 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大體重: 366.00 g (Ref. 28675); 最大年齡: 8 年 (Ref. 12193)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10 - 14; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 16; 脊椎骨: 40 - 42. Identified by its short, flattened snout, the rearward location of the dorsal and anal fins, the presence of about 33 rays in the pectorals, and the presence of a pelvic fin that has only 3 rays (Ref. 27547). Gill rakers short; lateral line with minute pores: 76 to 100 scales in midlateral series (Ref. 27547). Dorsal located far back on body; anal more or less under dorsal; edge of pectorals rounded; pelvic fins very small and located just before anus; caudal broad and rounded (Ref. 27547). Dark green or brown above and on upper sides, pale below with dark speckles; four to six irregular dark bars or blotches on sides; fins have dark brownish specklings; dorsal, anal and caudal fins with pale margin, which are pink to red in spawning adults (Ref. 27547).
鑑定特徵為它的短，平的吻，背鰭與臀鰭的位置向後了, 那有在胸鰭中的大約 33個鰭條, 與那有只有 3個鰭條的一個腹鰭.(參考文獻 27547) 鰓耙短; 側線有細小的孔: 在側面中央的系列中的 76 到 100個鱗片.(參考文獻 27547) 背部的設置相距遙遠地在身體上; 肛門的約略在背部的下面; 胸鰭的邊緣圓的; 腹鰭非常小的而且位於正好在肛門前; 尾部的寬而且圓的.(參考文獻 27547) 深綠色或上方褐色的與在上側面上, 腹面灰白的有深色的小斑點; 在側邊上的四到六條不規則的深色橫帶或斑塊; 鰭有深褐色的斑點; 背鰭、臀鰭與尾鰭有灰白的邊緣, 那是粉紅色到紅色在產卵期的成魚中.(參考文獻 27547)
Facultative air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Usually found in heavily vegetated swamps and ponds; occasionally in medium to large rivers and lakes with abundant vegetation (Ref. 5723). Migrations appear to be limited to inshore or upstream movements to spawning grounds in the spring and (presumably) reverse migrations to deeper water in the fall (Ref. 27547). Oviparous, batch spawner (Ref. 205). Known for their tolerance to cold water: survives exposures to -20°C for up to 40 minutes, and can survive for a few days after complete freezing of parts of the body, even the head (Ref. 28673, 28674). Uses its esophagus as auxiliary breathing organ (Ref. 27797).
通常發現於長滿植物的沼澤與池塘; 偶見於中型到大型河川，而且湖有豐富的植物。 (參考文獻 5723) 迴游狀似在春天與 (可能) 相反迴游到較深的水域僅限於對產卵場的近海或向上游的運動秋天時。 (參考文獻 27547) 卵生的，分批產卵者.(參考文獻 205) 以他們的容忍寒冷的水聞名: 平安渡過暴露到 20 °C 超過 40 細小的, 而且能存活數天在身體的部份的完全凝固之後, 甚至頭部.(參考文獻 28673,28674) 以它的食道作為輔助呼吸器官。 (參考文獻 27797)
Upstream movement appears to coincide with a rise of water temperature to 10° to 15°C (Ref. 3829). Females normally contain two sets of eggs, the smaller group presumably being the set which will be spawned the following year. Females deposit 40 to 300 eggs, the number increasing with size. A female probably spawns over a period of several days, possibly longer, with only a few eggs being extruded at each spawning act. (Ref. 27547).北美洲: 來自 Colville 河三角州的阿拉斯加州南至在 Chignik 附近的中央的阿拉斯加州半島; 向上游在育空-Tanana 的流域到近的費班克。 也白令海島與東北方的西伯利亞，俄國。
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723)
人類使用
漁業: 自給性漁業; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6329 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00891 (0.00410 - 0.01937), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.44 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2-3; tmax=8; Fec=40-300).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (23 of 100).
