分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 深度上下限 0 - 50 m (Ref. 106604). 熱帶
Indo-West Pacific: eastern coast of Africa to Indonesia.
印度-西太平洋: 非洲東岸到印尼。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 115 - ? cm
Max length : 119 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 11441); 120.0 cm WD (female); 最大体重: 30.0 kg (Ref. 11228)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
A small devilray with a short head bearing short head fins; dorsal fin white-tipped, and pectoral fins with slightly curved tips; upper surface with no denticles and tail shorter than disc, with no spine (Ref. 5578). Dark brown above, white below (Ref. 5578).
一种小的魔鬼 具有一个生长着短的头鳍的短的头部; 背鳍尖端白色的, 而且胸鳍有略微弯曲的顶端; 上表皮没有细齿而且尾部短于体盘, 没有棘.(参考文献 5578) 上方深褐色的, 腹面白色的.(参考文献 5578)
Found in coastal and oceanic waters (Ref. 5578). Feeds on plankton (Ref. 30573). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Generally found in schools, leaping out of the water (Ref. 11228). Caught rarely in the tuna gillnet fisheries. Utilized for its gill filter plates (high value), meat, cartilage and skin (Ref.58048).
发现于了海岸的与大洋性水域.(参考文献 5578) 吃浮游生物。 (参考文献 30573) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 通常成群出现, 从水中跳出来.(参考文献 11228)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Probably giving birth to only one pup; born at ~31 cm WD (Ref.58048).印度-西太平洋: 非洲東岸到印尼。
Randall, J.E., 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p. (Ref. 11441)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
濒危 (EN) (A2bd+3d); Date assessed: 20 January 2020
人类利用
渔业: 低经济
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.9 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1852 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
