Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري القاع; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 1 - 477 m (Ref. 5951), usually 75 - 150 m (Ref. 5951). Subtropical; 46°N - 16°S, 97°W - 5°W
Western Atlantic: Cape Cod in Massachusetts to northeastern Florida in USA and northern Gulf of Mexico. Reported in eastern Atlantic: St. Helena (Ref. 5288). Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951).
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 230 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 7251); common length : 100.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 3715); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 40.0 kg (Ref. 7251)
Occurs from shallow inshore waters to depths of 477 m and up to 260 m in the Gulf of Maine (Ref. 7135). Benthic (Ref. 5951). Nocturnal predators (Ref. 93252). Feeds mainly on fishes, but also on shrimps and small shellfish. Commonly caught by anglers along piers, docks and jetties in middle Atlantic states.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: غير مهمة تجارياً
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.1 - 25.2, mean 19.7 °C (based on 61 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00049 (0.00027 - 0.00088), b=3.25 (3.09 - 3.41), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.8 se; based on diet studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (Assuming tm>4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 27.1 [15.1, 52.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.781 [0.431, 1.338] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [15.9, 21.7] %; Omega3 = 0.284 [0.126, 0.807] g/100g; Selenium = 62.7 [30.7, 130.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.12 [2.53, 34.69] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.384 [0.274, 0.565] mg/100g (wet weight);
