分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 96 m (Ref. 57178). 溫帶; 72°N - 36°N, 23°W - 42°E
Northeast Atlantic: Murmansk to Spain, including Iceland and the Baltic (Ref. 4674). Reports from the Mediterraneanare misidentications (Ref. 125963). Two distinct but often sympatric spawning groups exist in the area but have not been given subspecies status although spawning groups differ in mean vertebral number (autumn higher than spring), otolith structure, and probably habitats.
東北大西洋: 莫曼斯克到西班牙, 包括冰島與波羅的海 (參考文獻 4674) 與地中海.(參考文獻 39911) 二明顯的但是時常分佈區重疊的被產卵的群在區域中存在但是有不被提供亞種狀態雖然產卵群在平均的椎骨數字 (比春天高的秋天) 中不同，但是耳石構成, 與可能棲息地。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 13.0, range 11 - 15 cm
Max length : 20.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); 最大年龄: 7 年 (Ref. 729)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 49 - 58; 臀鳍软条: 24 - 32; 脊椎骨: 60 - 68. Scales present in the midline anterior to dorsal fin and over the musculature at base of caudal fin. Belly scales in tight chevron. Margins of dorsal and anal fins straight with rays of equal length. Lateral line pores linearly arranged along the un branched canals. Back typically sandy brown.
鳞片出现在中线位于背鳍前与在肌肉组织之上在尾鳍基底。 在紧的锯齿形中的腹面鳞片。 背鳍与臀鳍的边缘笔直的有相等长度的鳍条。 侧线孔线状地沿着不分枝的管排列了。 背面典型黄棕色。
Territorial; found in inshore waters, especially sandy bays and beaches, including the inter-tidal zone and estuaries; rarely offshore. Alternate between lying buried in the sandy substrate and swimming in schools in the water mass. Adults feed on zooplankton and some large diatoms (Ref. 3397). They hibernate in winter buried in sand at depths of 20-50 cm (Ref. 35388).
这具有领域性种居住于近岸水域，尤其沙的海湾与海滩,包括中潮间带与河口; 很少外海。 交替地在砂质底部中埋藏自己而且群游于水团。 吃浮游动物与一些大的硅藻。 (参考文献 3397) 他们过冬冬天时埋藏在沙中深度 20-50 公分。 (参考文献 35388)
東北大西洋: 莫曼斯克到西班牙, 包括冰島與波羅的海 (參考文獻 4674) 與地中海.(參考文獻 39911) 二明顯的但是時常分佈區重疊的被產卵的群在區域中存在但是有不被提供亞種狀態雖然產卵群在平均的椎骨數字 (比春天高的秋天) 中不同，但是耳石構成, 與可能棲息地。
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 诱饵: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.3 - 13.5, mean 10.2 °C (based on 738 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00229 (0.00164 - 0.00321), b=3.07 (3.00 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 1.8 (1.4 - 2.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.45-0.77; tm=1-3; tmax=7).
Prior r = 1.02, 95% CL = 0.67 - 1.53, Based on 6 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (23 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 80.7 [45.2, 182.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.528 [0.273, 0.948] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [17.7, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.459 [0.238, 0.845] g/100g; Selenium = 12.4 [5.5, 29.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.7 [6.7, 66.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.857 [0.585, 1.270] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
