分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 非遷移的 (Ref. 94474); 深度上下限 10 - ? m (Ref. 9988). 亞熱帶的; 42°N - 15°N, 83°W - 70°W (Ref. 94474)
Western Atlantic: New York to southern Florida in USA and the entire Gulf of Mexico. Northeastern Atlantic: recently reported from Guadalquivir River estuary in Spain (Ref. 94474).
西大西洋: 紐約到美國佛羅里達南部與整個的墨西哥灣。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 26.8, range 25 - 35 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 36.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702); 最大體重: 7.9 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 18 年 (Ref. 12193)
背棘 (總數) : 9 - 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 25 - 28; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 11. Body silvery, dark grey on back with bluish reflections and numerous round black spots irregularly scattered on upper half, extending to dorsal and caudal fin. Spinous dorsal fin dusky, other fins pale to yellowish. Mouth large, oblique lower jaw projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth at tip. Lower jaw with an enlarged inner row of teeth, uniform in size and closely set. Chin without barbels or pores. Snout with 2 marginal pores. Gas bladder with a pair of nearly straight horn-like appendages. Soft portion of dorsal fin unscaled (Ref 51721).
身體銀色的, 深灰色的背面有藍色的反光與很多的圓黑色的斑點之上不規則地散佈在被延伸至背鰭與尾鰭鰭的上半部上。 刺狀的背鰭暗色又其他的鰭灰白的到淡黃色的。 嘴大又斜的下頜突出的。 在頂端上頜有一對大的像犬齒一樣的齒。 下頜有齒的增大內部列, 均勻的在大小方面而且緊密地在一起。 沒有觸鬚或孔的下巴。 吻部有 2個邊緣的孔。 氣鰾有一對幾乎是直的像觸角一樣的附肢。 背鰭的柔軟部位不覆有鱗片的 (參考文獻 51721) 。
Inhabits river estuaries and shallow coastal marine waters over sand bottoms, often associated with seagrass beds. Also occurs in salt marshes and tidal pools of high salinity. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and fishes. An important food and sport fish throughout its range. Utilized fresh for steaming, broiling and baking (Ref. 9988).
棲息於在砂質底部上的河口與淺灘海洋沿岸水域, 時常伴隨著海草床。 也生活於高的鹽度含鹽的濕地與潮池中。 主要吃甲殼動物和魚類。 在它的分佈範圍各處的一個重要的食用及遊釣的魚。 蒸的生鮮使用, 燒與烤.(參考文獻 9988)
西大西洋: 紐約到美國佛羅里達南部與整個的墨西哥灣。
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 03 February 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12 - 26.7, mean 24.3 °C (based on 88 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00502 - 0.01317), b=3.05 (2.92 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.66 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.8 (4.0 - 6.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 13
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.2-0.3; tmax=18; tm=1; Fec=1 million).
Prior r = 0.69, 95% CL = 0.46 - 1.04, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 43.1 [25.3, 82.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.771 [0.408, 1.320] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.7, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.33 [0.20, 0.51] g/100g; Selenium = 30.9 [16.5, 56.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.52 [3.34, 29.64] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.667 [0.495, 0.966] mg/100g (wet weight);
