分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) > Pleuronectinae
Etymology: Hippoglossoides: Greek, ippos = horse + Greek, glossa = tongue + Suffix oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 3000 m (Ref. 58426), usually 90 - 250 m (Ref. 6263). 温带; 80°N - 41°N, 72°W - 55°E
Western Atlantic: southern Labrador in Canada and western Greenland to Rhode Island in USA; Eastern Atlantic: off eastern Greenland and from the English Channel to the coast of Murmansk (Ref. 7251). Two subspecies were recognized, H. p. platessoides from northwestern Atlantic, and H. p. limandoides from the northeastern Atlantic (Ref. 51668).
东大西洋: 外海的格陵兰东部与莫曼斯克的从英伦海峡到海岸。 西大西洋: 在美国的加拿大与格陵兰到罗得岛州西部的拉布拉多南部.(参考文献 7251) 二个亚种被辨认出, H. p。 来自西北大西洋的 platessoides, 与 H. p。 limandoides 从东北方的大西洋.(参考文献 51668)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 35.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 82.6 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 58426); 最大体重: 6.4 kg (Ref. 7251); 最大年龄: 30 年 (Ref. 6263)
Slender body and a large mouth. Dorsal fin starts above left eye. Lateral line almost straight. Rough scales (Ref. 35388).
细长的身体与一个大的嘴。 背鳍开始上方左边的眼。 几乎笔直地的侧线。 鳞片粗糙的.(参考文献 35388)
Adults are most abundant from 90 m to 250 m deep and bottom temperatures of -0.5 to 2.5°C (Ref. 6263). Live on soft bottoms (Ref. 9988, 58426). Feed on invertebrates and small fishes. Batch spawner (Ref. 51486). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
最丰富的从 90 公尺到 250 公尺深与底部温度 -0.5 到 2.5 °C.(参考文献 6263) 生活在软质底部。 吃无脊椎动物与小鱼。 在市场上销售生鲜和冷冻; 清蒸, 油炸, 微波了而且烧烤了.(参考文献 9988)
东大西洋: 外海的格陵兰东部与莫曼斯克的从英伦海峡到海岸。 西大西洋: 在美国的加拿大与格陵兰到罗得岛州西部的拉布拉多南部.(参考文献 7251) 二个亚种被辨认出, H. p。 来自西北大西洋的 platessoides, 与 H. p。 limandoides 从东北方的大西洋.(参考文献 51668)
Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau, 1998. Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification. Fish. Bull. 96(4):686-726. (Ref. 30193)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
濒危 (EN) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 12 February 2021
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.6 - 10.3, mean 5.6 °C (based on 824 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00554 - 0.00753), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 13.1 (8.8 - 14.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (rm=0.43; K=0.06-0.12; tm=2-11; tmax=30; Fec=50,000).
Prior r = 0.19, 95% CL = 0.12 - 0.28, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19.2 [7.5, 32.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.214 [0.105, 0.410] mg/100g; Protein = 17.1 [15.7, 18.5] %; Omega3 = 0.407 [0.194, 0.867] g/100g; Selenium = 31.2 [15.1, 68.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.07 [1.81, 36.72] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.336 [0.224, 0.512] mg/100g (wet weight);
