Issue
Hybridizes with Parophrys vetulus - the hybrid, called Inopsetta ischyra, may be found from the Bering Sea to San Francisco, California, USA (ref. 6885). Also hybridizes with Kareius bicoloratus (Ref. 27547).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ökologie
seewasser; süßwasser; brackwasser demersal; katadrom (Ref. 51243); tiefenbereich 0 - 375 m (Ref. 6793). Polar; 73°N - 33°N, 124°E - 119°W
Northern Pacific, from the Yellow Sea along coasts of Korean Peninsula, Russian Far East, and Japanese Arch. to the Arctic, including Chukchi and Beaufort seas, extending to the south through the Bering Sea to California.
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Maturity: Lm ?, range 35 - ? cm
Max length : 91.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 2850); common length : 57.5 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 12193); max. veröff. Gewicht: 9.1 kg (Ref. 2850); max. veröff. Alter: 42 Jahre (Ref. 117245)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 0; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt) : 52 - 66; Afterflossenstacheln: 1; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 38 - 47; Wirbelzahl: 34 - 37. Distinguished by the presence of both eyes on the same side of the head, dorsal and anal fins that are marked with dark and light (white to orange) bars, and especially, by the stellate, bony tubercles scattered over its body (Ref. 27547). Dorsal originates over middle of upper eye; anal with a sharp, forward pointing spine (often buried in skin) before first ray; pectorals are bluntly pointed; caudal slightly rounded (Ref. 27547). Eyed side dark brown to nearly black, sometimes with indefinite blotchings (Alaskans specimens sometimes with a greenish tinge); blind side white to creamy; dorsal fin with 4 to 7 dark bars with white to orange spaces between; anal fin with 4 to 6 such bars; caudal fin with 3 or 4 dark longitudinal bars on its posterior part; in rare cases, the blind side may be partly or completely colored like the eyed side, or white may be present on the eyed side, creating a piebald effect (Ref. 27547, 28897, 28898).
Found inshore, often in very shallow water and in estuaries during the summer; moving into deeper water in the winter (Ref. 27547). However, they may occur in deep water throughout the year (Ref. 27547). Does not venture into water of high salinities (Ref. 28899). Young and adults move up rivers, as much as 120 km (Ref. 27547). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on crustaceans, worms, small mollusks, brittle stars, and small fishes (Ref. 6885). Important game fish (Ref. 2850). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved, and baked (Ref. 9988).
Onset of metamorphosis occurs at 10.5 mm. First settlement of youngs are in shallow silty-sandy substrates, usually in estuaries (Ref. 117245).
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: weniger kommerziell; Sportfisch: ja
Tools
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.2 - 8.3, mean 3.2 °C (based on 669 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00708 - 0.00933), b=3.09 (3.05 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): mittel, Verdopplung der Population dauert 1,4 - 4,4 Jahre. (tm=2-3; tmax=24).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (61 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19.3 [7.6, 34.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.295 [0.124, 0.633] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [15.2, 19.3] %; Omega3 = 0.192 [0.086, 0.415] g/100g; Selenium = 19.4 [7.6, 49.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.35 [0.71, 27.54] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.332 [0.214, 0.514] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
