Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري مرتبطة بالشعاب; نطاق العمق 20 - 300 m (Ref. 28016). Tropical; 32°N - 28°S
Western Indian Ocean: Red Sea south to Mossel Bay, South Africa and east to India and Sri Lanka.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 34.6, range 35 - 45 cm
Max length : 75.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 30573); common length : 30.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 3507)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 11 - 12; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 10 - 11; شوكة شرجية: 3; أشعه شرجية لينه: 8. Silvery with faint, red crossbars; dead specimens almost white or purple.
Found over rocky substrates of coastal waters. Juveniles stay in sheltered areas of estuaries (Ref. 5213). Large specimens caught from the shore only when seas are rough (Ref. 3198). Marketed fresh, whole or dried.
Also reported as a 'rudimentary hermaphrodite' or 'late gonochorist' where individuals posses an immature intersexual gonad but mature as either male or female fish with no eveidence of sexual reversal (Ref. 28504).
Bauchot, M.-L. and M.M. Smith, 1984. Sparidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.] FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3507)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: غير مهمة تجارياً
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 17.8 - 27.7, mean 23.9 °C (based on 306 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.01217 - 0.01566), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (K=0.07-0.18; tmax=22).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 27.1 [12.9, 43.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.467 [0.255, 0.927] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.2, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.149 [0.093, 0.244] g/100g; Selenium = 50.9 [25.2, 92.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 68.3 [19.5, 227.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.07 [0.72, 1.50] mg/100g (wet weight);
