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Lithognathus lithognathus (Cuvier, 1829)

White steenbras
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Lithognathus lithognathus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Lithognathus lithognathus (White steenbras)
Lithognathus lithognathus
Picture by FAO

Classification / Names Populärnamn | synonymer | Catalog of Fishes(Släkte, Arter) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Lithognathus: Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ekologi

marina; brackvatten bentopelagisk; amfidrom (Ref. 51243); djupintervall ? - 150 m (Ref. 27121). Subtropical; 22°S - 31°S

Utbredning Länder | FAO områden | Ekosystem | Förekomster | Point map | Utplanteringar | Faunafri

Southeast Atlantic: known only from the Orange River mouth to Natal, South Africa.

Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age

Maturity: Lm 54.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 3198); common length : 65.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 3507)

Short description Bestämningsnycklar | Morfologi | Morfometri

Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 11; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 10; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 3; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 8. Silvery in color, crossbars fade with age.

Biologi     Ordlista (t.ex. epibenthic)

Found over sandy substrate, in estuaries and oceanic waters. Enters lagoons (Ref. 3198). Feeds bottom invertebrates, including worms, crabs and shrimp (Ref. 27121). Spawns in the sea but uses estuaries as nursery grounds. Prime angling fish. Important food fish. Sold fresh and whole in markets.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reproduktion | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larver

Main reference Upload your references | referenser | Koordinator | Medarbetare

Bauchot, M.-L. and M.M. Smith, 1984. Sparidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.] FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3507)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Endangered (EN) (A2bcd; B2ab(ii,v)); Date assessed: 04 December 2009

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless





Human uses

Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell; sportfisk: ja
FAO - fiskeri: landings; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Ytterligare information

Trophic ecology
Födoslag
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
Predatorer
Ecology
Ekologi
Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances
Life cycle
Reproduktion
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
Larver
Larvdynamik
Distribution
Länder
FAO områden
Ekosystem
Förekomster
Utplanteringar
BRUVS - Videos
Anatomy
Gill areas
Hjärnstorlek
Otoliths
Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
Swimming type
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
Fiskljud
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)
Genetics
Genetik
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities
Human related
Aquaculture systems
Vattenbruksprofiler
Avelslinjer
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Outreach
Medarbetare
Taxonomy
Populärnamn
synonymer
Morfologi
Morfometri
Bilder
References
referenser

Verktyg

E-book | Fälthandbok | Längdfördelnings-verktyg | Livshistorie-verktyg | Prickkarta | Classification Tree | Catch-MSY |

Special reports

Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

Download XML

Summary page | Point data | Populärnamn | Photos

Internet-källor

AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Släkte, Arter | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - fiskeri: landings; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genome, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Offentliga akvarier | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: Go, sök | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 12.5 - 24.1, mean 15.7 °C (based on 28 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5625   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01549 (0.00939 - 0.02556), b=3.04 (2.90 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref. 69278):  3.1   ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 10.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.
Resiliens (Ref. 120179):  Låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 4,5-14 år (K=0.1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Very high vulnerability (78 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Low.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 24.8 [12.9, 45.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.664 [0.364, 1.136] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.9, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.302 [0.191, 0.497] g/100g; Selenium = 45.7 [21.7, 85.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.95 [2.03, 19.38] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.722 [0.505, 1.031] mg/100g (wet weight);