Teleostei (teleosts) >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Haemulidae (Grunts) > Haemulinae
Etymology: Pomadasys: Greek, poma, -atos = cover, operculum + Greek, dasys = with hair (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; depth range ? - 100 m (Ref. 57395), usually 20 - 50 m (Ref. 2683). Tropical; 20°C - ? (Ref. 2799); 20°N - 23°S, 26°W - 16°E
Eastern Atlantic: west coast of Africa, from Mauritania (Ref. 7376, 57395) to southern Angola (Ref. 2799, 57395).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 13.1 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 57395); common length : 45.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3660)
Dorsal spines (total): 11 - 12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 17; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 8 - 9; Vertebrae: 27. Diagnosis: body oblong and compressed, not very deep (Ref. 57395). Snout short and pointed (Ref. 57395), obtuse (Ref. 81655), distinctly longer than eye diameter (Ref. 57395). 2 anterior pores on chin, followed by a median pit bearing openings of another pair of pores (Ref. 57395). A deep groove (Ref. 57395) and a pore above maxilla, below the preorbital bone (Ref. 57395, 81655). Last dorsal spine longer than penultimate one (Ref. 81655). Second anal fin spine longer and stouter than third (Ref. 57395, 81655), third anal spine may also be thick but always shorter (Ref. 81655). Caudal fin slightly forked; scales slightly ctenoid; 4-5 scale rows between lateral line and middle of spinous dorsal-fin base; swim bladder simple, without anterior horns (Ref. 57395). 11-13/1/3-6 (total 16-20) gill rakers on first gill arch; 6-7 scales on upper part of transverse series; 20-22 scales around middle of caudal peduncle (Ref. 81655).
Coloration: silvery, with round, dark brown or black and irregularly scattered spots following scale rows on back and sides (Ref. 57395, 81655). Small-sized specimens <60 mm SL may lack spots, from this size on spots gradually become visible and pattern is well-developed in specimens of about 100 mm SL or larger; no spot on snout (Ref. 81655). Black opercular spot present at angle of opercle (Ref. 57395, 81655). Dorsal and caudal fins grey (Ref. 57395).
Inhabit sandy and muddy bottoms of coastal waters and estuaries (Ref. 2683). Sometimes found in freshwater (Ref. 2135, 57395, 81655). Feeds on fish (Ref. 28587) and (benthic) crustaceans (Ref. 28587, 81655) as well as on mollusks and worms (Ref. 27121, 81655). Breeds in brackish water lagoons and estuaries, and even freshwaters (Ref. 57395). Of all grunts found in the continental waters of Lower Guinea, this species is found farthest upstream and seems best adapted to freshwater environments (Ref. 81655).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205).
Bauchot, M.-L., 2003. Haemulidae. p. 495-503 In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douce et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, Tome 2. Coll. Faune et Flore tropicales 40. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Museum National d'Histoire Naturalle, Paris, France and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France. 815 p. (Ref. 57395)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.2 - 27.9, mean 25.4 °C (based on 82 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.01093 - 0.01743), b=2.98 (2.94 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.51 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.3).
Prior r = 0.47, 95% CL = 0.31 - 0.70, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (80 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 106 [23, 206] mg/100g; Iron = 1.02 [0.54, 1.90] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [16.9, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.235 [0.124, 0.397] g/100g; Selenium = 61.9 [35.8, 110.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.4 [6.9, 27.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.22 [0.88, 1.71] mg/100g (wet weight);
