Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο βενθικό(ς); ωκεανόδρομο(ς) (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 0 - 388 m (Ref. 58426). Temperate; ? - 10°C (Ref. 35432); 63°N - 37°N, 80°W - 43°W
Northwest Atlantic: Labrador, Canada to Delaware, USA.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 28.8 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 110 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 7251); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 5.4 kg (Ref. 4926); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 18 έτη (Ref. 796)
Benthic; feeds on worms, crustaceans, molluscs, sea squirts, sea urchins and fishes (Ref. 58426).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Eggs are laid in gelatinous masses guarded by one or both parents until hatching (Ref. 35432). However, more recent evidence suggests that care is provided by the female alone (Ref. 104883).
Anderson, M.E., 1994. Systematics and osteology of the Zoarcidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Ichthyol. Bull. J.L.B. Smith Inst. Ichthyol. 60:120 p. (Ref. 11954)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); Ενυδρείο: Εμπορικό(ά)
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.4 - 9.5, mean 3 °C (based on 227 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00186 (0.00120 - 0.00289), b=3.20 (3.07 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 14.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (K=0.08-0.11; tmax=18).
Prior r = 0.09, 95% CL = 0.06 - 0.14, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (74 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 21 [13, 34] mg/100g; Iron = 0.251 [0.157, 0.407] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [15, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.436 [0.268, 0.701] g/100g; Selenium = 21.5 [11.0, 41.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.16 [3.35, 25.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.458 [0.342, 0.634] mg/100g (wet weight);
