分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 9 - 300 m (Ref. 5222). 熱帶; 15°N - 33°S, 23°E - 77°E (Ref. 5222)
Western Indian Ocean: Kenya to Knysna, South Africa and the Kerala coast of India; however, there are no records between Kenya and Durban, nor between Kenya and India. Record from Djibouti (Ref. 5450) is doubtful.
西印度洋: 肯亞到南非的耐斯納與印度的喀拉拉邦海岸; 然而, 有沒有在肯亞與德爾班之間的記錄, 也不在肯亞與印度之間。 來自吉布地 (參考文獻 5450) 的記錄是可疑的。
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 137 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5213); common length : 70.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大体重: 55.0 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 13 - 14; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 9. Distinguished by the following characteristics: variable coloration depending on size and depth of capture: head and body greyish brown for specimens up to 35 cm SL, shading to pale purplish grey ventrally, with three broad dark bars between the dorsal fin and lateral line; broad dark blotch dorsally on the caudal peduncle, reaching about halfway to the lateral line; specimens from deep water 88-115 cm SL with rosy slate or chocolate brown; throat and hidden membranes of head pinkish grey; without bars, spots or blotches; body depth 2.5-2.8 times in SL; head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; convex interorbital area; angular preopercle; convex upper edge of operculum; posterior nostril diameter 2-4 times larger than anterior nostril; scaly maxilla, reaching to or slightly past vertical at rear edge of eye; 2 rows of teeth in midlateral part of lower jaw in 20-56 cm SL fish and 3-4 rows in 70-90 cm SL fish; caudal fin truncate; ctenoid lateral body scales, auxiliary scales sparse or absent on body scales (Ref. 089707).
Along the South African coast, it occurs on rocky bottoms at depths of 9 to at least 55 m; off the coast of Kenya it occurs below the major thermocline at 125 to 200; also known from deep waters off the Kerala coast of India at 250 to 300 m. Occurrence off the coasts of Kenya and India appears to be an example of 'tropical submergence' by which temperate species are able to live at tropical latitudes only in the cooler deep-water zone.
沿着南非海岸,它生存于岩石底部深度 9 到至少 55 公尺; 它在主要的温水层之下出现的外海的肯尼亚的海岸在 125 到 200; 在 250 到 300 公尺也已知来自深的水域外海的印度的喀拉拉邦海岸。 发生外海的肯尼亚的海岸与印度状似在温带种在热带的纬度是能活的方面所依据的一个 '热带下沈' 的例子只在较冷的深水域区域中。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
西印度洋: 肯亞到南非的耐斯納與印度的喀拉拉邦海岸; 然而, 有沒有在肯亞與德爾班之間的記錄, 也不在肯亞與印度之間。 來自吉布地 (參考文獻 5450) 的記錄是可疑的。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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特别资料
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 18.4 - 26.1, mean 23.2 °C (based on 51 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01349 (0.00621 - 0.02932), b=3.03 (2.86 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 13.1 [5.9, 30.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.384 [0.199, 0.775] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.9, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.117 [0.068, 0.201] g/100g; Selenium = 63.5 [34.8, 117.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 112 [31, 422] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.01 [0.70, 1.44] mg/100g (wet weight);
