Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي وابسته به آب سنگ; تغييرات عمق 1 - 125 m (Ref. 89707), usually 1 - 12 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical; 16°N - 11°S, 75°E - 121°E (Ref. 5222)
Eastern Indian Ocean: southern India, Sri Lanka, and southern Indonesia. However, it is likely that its distribution is continuous from Pakistan to Indonesia. Record from the Chagos Archipelago is based on Epinephelus macrospilos (Ref. 6495).
Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 32.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 5222)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 11; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 16 - 18; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 3; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 8. Distinguished by having whitish or pale grey color; head, body and fins with numerous close-set round brown spots of unequal sizes; cycloid scales except region under pectoral fins; body with numerous auxiliary scales; greatest depth of body 3.0-3.5 in SL; rounded caudal fin; pelvic fins, 2.2-2.7 in head length (Ref. 90102); further characterized by flat or slightly concave interorbital area, convex dorsal head profile; rounded preopercle, with shallow indentation just above angle and slightly enlarged serrae at the angle; upper edge of operculum slightly convex; subequal posterior and anterior nostrils; maxilla reaches past vertical at rear edge of eye; 2 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw (Ref. 89707).
Occurs in shallow waters over coral reefs or rocky substrate. It appears to be a small species; a 17 cm SL fish from Sri Lanka has fairly well-developed ovaries. Solitary (Ref 90102).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | تولید مثل | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | توزاد ( لارو)
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435)
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 28.1 - 29.4, mean 28.6 °C (based on 216 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00571 - 0.02419), b=3.04 (2.88 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
جهندگی (Ref.
120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
