Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο; εύρος βάθους ? - 35 m (Ref. 26912). Tropical; 23°N - 27°S, 85°W - 32°W (Ref. 189)
Western Atlantic: Antilles, Trinidad south to Brazil; also Venezuela to Panama and Honduras but not Gulf of Mexico. Meristic data tends to support three geographic units: South America (east Colombia, Venezuela south to Brazil); Antillean (and some islands off Venezuela); West Caribbean (Gulf of Honduras).
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 14.5 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 124483); common length : 10.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 5217); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 21.29 g (Ref. 124483)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 17 - 21. Snout long and pointed, only slightly less than eye diameter; maxilla long, tip pointed, reaching almost to gill opening, teeth near tip somewhat enlarged; gill cover canals of panamensis-type; pseudobranch longer than eye diameter, with 30 or more filaments, extending onto inner face of operculum. First pectoral fin ray filamentous. Silver stripe along flank about eye diameter.
A schooling species occurring in coastal waters. Trawled down to 25 m off Brazil, but equally taken in shore seines and recorded in salinities of 7.94-8.21 ppt in the Canal de Santa Cruz, Pernambuco, Brazil (Ref. 189).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Spawn in school (Ref. 205).
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 27 - 28.2, mean 27.6 °C (based on 421 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00447 (0.00272 - 0.00734), b=3.20 (3.07 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (Fec=1,644 (batch fecundity)).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
