分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes)
鰈形目 (Flatfishes) >
Paralichthyidae (Large-tooth flounders)
牙鮃科 (Large-tooth flounders)
Etymology: Paralichthys: Greek, para = the side of + Greek, ichthys = fish + Greek, suffix, oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Jordan & Gilbert.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 43 m (Ref. 89891). 亞熱帶的; 37°N - 9°N, 98°W - 59°W
Western Atlantic: Virginia to Texas in USA, northern Mexico, south to Trinidad and Tobago.
西大西洋: 在美國的北卡羅萊那州到德克薩斯, 但是佛羅里達南部沒有出現。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - 35 cm
Max length : 83.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3275); 最大體重: 9.3 kg (Ref. 4699); 最大年齡: 8 年 (Ref. 46275)
A cryptic species that tolerates low salinities; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries, even on occasion in fresh water (Ref. 9988). Minimum depth is at 0.7 meters (Ref. 128969). Adults are found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth. Taken by anglers inshore from bridges, jetties and small boats. They move to deeper water in winter, but are still easily accessible (Ref. 9988). Adults feed chiefly on fishes, also on crabs and shrimps. Juveniles take mainly small bottom-living invertebrates. Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
大部分發現於在河口的泥底之上了，而且沿岸水域到大約 40 公尺深。 一個善於隱藏的魚種; 容忍低的鹽度; 時常在半鹹淡的海灣與河口中出現, 甚至有時候在淡水中.(參考文獻 9988) 採自了來自橋, 突堤與小的船的垂釣者沿海地區; 這種移動到較深的水域冬天時, 但是仍然容易可接近.(參考文獻 9988) 主要捕食魚, 也捕食螃蟹與蝦。 稚魚吃主要小型底棲性無脊椎動物。 在市場上銷售生鮮和冷凍; 清蒸,油炸,煮沸, 微波了而且燒烤了.(參考文獻 9988)
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).西大西洋: 在美國的北卡羅萊那州到德克薩斯, 但是佛羅里達南部沒有出現。
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.2 - 24.9, mean 23.9 °C (based on 168 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00365 - 0.00908), b=3.19 (3.06 - 3.32), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.48 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.21-0.23; tmax=8).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 59.8 [28.1, 127.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.832 [0.414, 1.467] mg/100g; Protein = 16.8 [14.4, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.177 [0.092, 0.329] g/100g; Selenium = 27.5 [13.9, 60.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.32 [1.60, 17.66] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.618 [0.423, 0.918] mg/100g (wet weight);
