FB-121 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=121 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Scombriformes Scombridae Scomberomorus Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède, 1800) Kongemakrell Makrela kawala Cavala Cavala inpigem Cavala verdadeira Cavala-aipim Cavala-branca Cavala-impingem Cavala-perna-de-moça Cavala-preta Cavala-sardinheira Cavala-verdadeira Perna-de-moça Serra real Serra-real Atlantisk kongemakrel Königsmakrele King Mackerel King mackerel Kingfish Kavalla-kuningmakrell Kuningasmakrilli Maquereau Thazard barré Sgombro reale Oo-sawara Sawara Korolevskaya makrel кавалла Yuunbi Kungsmakrill Carite Carite lucio Carite sierra Carito Carito lucio Kingfish Peto Rey Serrucho Sierra Kraljevska skuša Log Navuay Taza Taza blan 大耳馬鮫 大耳马鲛 Cybium acervum Cuvier, 1832 Cybium caballa Cuvier, 1832 Cybium cavalla Cuvier, 1829 Cybium clupeoideum Cuvier, 1832 Cybium immaculatum Cuvier, 1832 Scomberomorus caballa (Cuvier, 1832) Scombreromorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) 1990-10-17 2021-11-22 ASIH (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists)0 Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. 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Mesquita0 Época de reprodução, tamanho e idade na primeira desova da cavala e da serra, na costa do estado do Ceará (Brasil). Arq. Ciên. Mar 16(2):83-86. (Ref. 104475) Ivo, C.T.C.0 Época de desova e idade na primeira maturação sexual da cavala, <i>Scomberomorus cavalla</i> (Cuvier), no estado do Ceará. Arq. Ciên. Mar 12(1):27-29. (Ref. 104480) Pihu, E.0 Loomade elu 4. köide. Kalad. Pihu, E. 1979. Loomade Elu, 4. Köide, Kalad. Valgus, Tallinn. (Ref. 105472) Puentes, V., F.D. Escobar, C.J. Polo and J.C. Alonso (eds.)0 Estado de los principales recursos pesqueros de Colombia - 2014. Serie Recursos Pesqueros de Colombia AUNAP. Oficina de Generación del conocimiento y la Información, Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca AUNAP ©. 244 p. (Ref. 106806) Cheung, W.L., R. Watson and D. Pauly0 Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch. Nature 497:365-368. (Ref. 107945) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. 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McNab0 Simple length-based approaches offer guidance for conservation and sustainability actions in two Central American small-scale fisheries. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 32(8):1372-1392. (Ref. 126208) Kasim, H. and B.J. Muuse0 Compilation of names for demersal and pelagic fishes of Somalia. Personal communication [Accessed 11/08/2022]. (Ref. 127014) Shepard, K.E., W.F. Patterson, D.A. DeVries and M. Ortiz0 Contemporary versus historical estimates of king mackerel (<i>Scomberomorus cavalla</i>) age and growth in the US Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 86(3):515-532. (Ref. 128047) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Chu, E. and D. Pauly0 The relationship between mean length at maturity and maximum length in coral reef fish. Fishes 9(4)[130]:1-18. (Ref. 131468) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-120-10398 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=120 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Sccav_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Sccav_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-120 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-01-13 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=120 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Often found in outer reef areas. Larvae are encountered in surface waters of 26.3° to 31°C and 26.9 to 35 ppt. Feeds primarily on fishes with smaller quantities of penaeid shrimps and squids. Large schools have been found to migrate over considerable distances along the Atlantic US coast, water temperature permitting. It is an important species for recreational, commercial, and artisanal fisheries throughout its range. Most of the catch is processed into steaks or sold fresh, or sometimes canned and salted. Also prepared smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987). Potentially ciguatoxic in certain areas (Ref. 9710). Sometimes called "Kingfish" (Ref. 13442). Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168) FB-DiagnosticDescr-120 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2001-04-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=120 Interpelvic process small and bifid. Swim bladder absent. Lateral line abruptly curving downward below second dorsal fin. Intestine with 2 folds and 3 limbs. Adults have no black area on the anterior part of the first dorsal fin. Juveniles with bronze spots in 5 or 6 irregular rows. Body entirely covered with scales. Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168) FB-Morphology-120 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2001-04-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=120 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Dorsal spines (total): 12 - 18; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 18; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 16 - 20; Vertebrae: 41 - 43 Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168) FB-Distribution-120 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-01-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=120 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Massachusetts, USA to São Paulo, Brazil. Eastern Central Atlantic: St. Paul's Rocks (Ref. 13121). Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168) FB-Uses-120 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-01-13 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=120 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-Migration-120 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-01-13 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=120 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-TrophicStrategy-120 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2008-07-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public cavalla http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Often found in outer reef areas. Larvae are encountered in surface waters of 26.3° to 31°C and 26.9 to 35 ppt. Feeds primarily on fishes with smaller quantities of penaeid shrimps and squids. Large schools have been found to migrate over considerable distances along the Atlantic US coast, water temperature permitting. It is an important species for recreational, commercial, and artisanal fisheries throughout its range. Most of the catch is processed into steaks or sold fresh, or sometimes canned and salted. Appears to be present all throughout the year off Louisiana, USA and off the state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil. Migrates over considerable distances along the Atlantic US coast depending on water temperatures. The coastal area from Florida to Massachusetts is inhabited only during the warm months of the year. Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168) FB-Size-120 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-01-13 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=120 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution 184 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 9710)); max. published weight: 45.0 kg (Ref. 168); max. reported age: 26 years (Ref. 128047) Lieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. (Ref. 9710) Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen 1983 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168) Shepard, K.E., W.F. Patterson, D.A. DeVries and M. Ortiz 2010 Contemporary versus historical estimates of king mackerel (<i>Scomberomorus cavalla</i>) age and growth in the US Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 86(3):515-532. (Ref. 128047) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-120-244 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-10-20 00:00:00 2004-10-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=120&StockCode=134 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Caligus Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Lin, C.-L. and J.-s. Ho 2002 Two species of siphonostomatoid copepods parasitic on pelagic fishes in Taiwan. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan 29(4):313-332. (Ref. 48562) FB-Habitat-120 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2023-01-13 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=120 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats pelagic-neritic; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); marine; depth range 5 - 140 m (Ref. 36484), usually 5 - 15 m (Ref. 40849) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Willoughby, S., J.D. Neilson and C. Taylor 1999 The depth distribution of exploited reef fish populations off the south and west coasts of Barbados. Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish Inst. 45:57-68. (Ref. 36484) Gasparini, J.L. and S.R. Floeter 2001 The shore fishes of Trindade Island, western South Atlantic. J. Nat. Hist. 35:1639-1656. (Ref. 40849)