FB-1389 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1389 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Cichliformes Cichlidae Sarotherodon Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) Israelse tilapia Abiad Hasani Bolti Azrak musht lubbad Goldtilapia Blue tilapia Golden tilapia Israeli tilapia Jordan St. Peter's fish Kurpertilapia Tilapia Sinine vääristilaapia Kultatilapia Gargassa Gargaza Holinga Karpassa Amnon hayaor amnun hayarden Amnun yarden Ifunu Mpupa Karwa Kpeloi Тилапия голубая Guldtilapia Israil çipurası Tatlı su çipurası Tilapya Waas Waas xos Wass khoss Wass-bor Epia Mojarra Tilapia áurea Tilapia azul An-boh boh Biering-pill Fartere Partere Sale Sayray Sohn-pill Tome Tsokungi Ukuobu 奥利亚口孵非鲫(引进) 奥利亚非鲫奧利亞口孵非鯽(引進) 奧利亞非鯽 Chromis aureus Steindachner, 1864 Chromis niloticus (non Linnaeus, 1758) Oreochromis auraeus (Steindachner, 1864) Oreochromis aurea (Steindachner, 1864) Sarotherodon aureum (Steindachner, 1864) Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner, 1864) Tilapia affinis (non Duméril, 1861) Tilapia aurea (Steindachner, 1864) Tilapia aurea exul Steinitz, 1951 Tilapia heudeloti (non Duméril, 1861) Tilapia heudelotii (non Duméril, 1861) Tilapia kacherbi Wunder, 1960 Tilapia kashabi Elster, 1958 Tilapia lemassoni Blache & Miton, 1960 Tilapia melanopleura (non Duméril, 1861) Tilapia monodi Daget, 1954 Tilapia nilotica (non Linnaeus, 1758) Tilapia nilotica exul Steinitz, 1951 Tilapia sp. 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(Ref. 115882) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Moritz, T., Z.N. El Dayem, M.A. Abdallah and D. Neumann0 New and rare records of fishes from the White Nile in the Republic of the Sudan. Cybium 43(2):137-151. (Ref. 120561) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante0 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Mohamed, A.R.M. and A.N. Abood0 Population dynamics and management of two cichlid species in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12(2):261-269. (Ref. 126396) Mohamed, A.R.M. and A.N. Abood0 Compositional change in fish assemblage structure in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 5(5):944-958. (Ref. 126397) Mohamed, A.R.M. and A.N. Salman0 Population dynamics and management of invasive blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) in Garmat Ali River, Basrah, Iraq. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research 10(2):44-54. (Ref. 126403) Chan, J.C.F., A.H.F. Tsang, S.-M. Yau, T.C.H. Hui, A. Lau, H.H. Tan, B.W. Low, D. Dudgeon and J.H. Liew0 The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins. Raffles Bull. Zool. 71:128-168. (Ref. 129032) Esmaeili, H.R. and N. Hamidan0 Inland fishes of the Arabian Peninsula: Review and a revised checklist. Zootaxa 5330(2):201-226. (Ref. 129076) FB-pic-1387-10489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Oraur_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Oraur_u0.gif FB-pic-1387-44470 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2006-04-10 2010-07-28 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Oraur_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Oraur_u2.jpg FB-pic-1387-51716 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 2009-08-26 2009-08-26 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Oraur_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Oraur_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Cold tolerant (Ref. 23, 61, 55352), occuring at temperatures ranging from 8°-30°C (Ref. 2), tolerating up to 41 °C (Ref. 23). Adults can tolerate fairly brackish conditions (Ref. 3, 23, 61, 2001, 6465, 54362). They form schools; is sometimes territorial; inhabits warm ponds and impoundments as well as lakes and streams (Ref. 5723, 11028), in open water as well as among stones and vegetation (Ref. 11028). They feed on phytoplankton and small quantities of zooplankton (Ref. 3, 61, 6465, 52307). Young fish have a more varied diet which includes large quantities of copepods and cladocerans (Ref. 2, 61, 6465), but they also take pieces of small invertebrates (Ref. 52307). Ovophilic, agamous (Ref. 52307), maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 364, 52307). Sexual maturity in ponds reached at age of 5-6 months (Ref. 55352). Reproduction takes place in both fresh and brackish water (Ref. 61, 5723). Good taste (Ref. 61). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-01-23 00:00:00 2017-12-13 19:51:22 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 Diagnosis: Adults: narrow preorbital bone (depth max. 21.5% of head length in fishes up to 21.3cm SL); lower pharyngeal jaw with short blade; no enlargement of the jaws in mature fish (lower jaw not exceeding and usually less than 36.8% head length) (Ref. 2). Caudal without regular dark vertical stripes (Ref. 2, 53405, 54467), but with a broad pink to bright red distal margin (Ref. 2). Breeding males assume an intense bright metallic blue on the head, a vermilion edge to the dorsal fin and a more intense pink on the caudal margin (Ref. 2, 54467). Breeding females with the edges of dorsal and caudal fins in a paler more orange color (Ref. 2). Juveniles: upper line of head profile running upward from snout at sharp angle; lower pharyngeal bone nearly triangular, teeth numerous but not densely crowded; dorsal and anal fin striped, with stripes running obliquely on the soft dorsal and longitudinally on the caudal fin; black Tilapia-mark on soft dorsal present; body dark; lower lip developed from beneath (Ref. 54566).Description: deep bodied; teeth very small, typical for an algae feeder (Ref. 52307), in 3-5 rows in the jaws, bicuspid in the outermost (Ref. 2, 53405, 54467), tricuspid in the others (Ref. 2, 54467). Lower pharyngeal bone with bicuspid teeth, its toothed part as long as anterior part (Ref. 53405). Scales cycloid (Ref. 367, 2756, 54408), with fringes of the embedded part almost straight (Ref. 54408). Scales on cheek in 2-3 horizontal series; 5-7 scales between base of pectoral and pelvic fin (Ref. 2, 54467). 13.5-14.5 scales below upper lateral line before the pelvic fins (Ref. 367). 2 scales between upper and lower lateral line (Ref. 367, 2756). Upper lateral line with 20-23 scales, lower with 14-18 scales (Ref. 367, 2756). Microbranchiospines present on outer sides of arches 2 to 4 (Ref. 2). Dorsal fin edge thickened and notches between lappets closed in fully ripe males (Ref. 364, 54467). Last dorsal spine the longest (Ref. 367, 2756). Third anal spine a little shorter than last dorsal spine (Ref. 2, 2756, 54467), but stronger (Ref. 2, 54467). Pelvics not greatly produced; caudal often with rounded corners, usually scaly only at the base and between rays on upper and lower parts of the fin; genital papilla of mature male conical or with narrow bifid flange (Ref. 2, 54467).Coloration: Juveniles: grey-brown to slightly golden (Ref. 52307), with vertical bars on sides (Ref. 53405). Specimens Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Morphology-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-01-23 00:00:00 2017-12-13 19:51:22 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 Dorsal spines (total): 14 - 17; Dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 15; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 - 11; Vertebrae: 28 - 31 Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Distribution-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2013-12-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Africa and Eurasia: Jordan Valley, Lower Nile, Chad Basin, Benue, middle and upper Niger, Senegal River (Ref. 21). Introduced in the oasis of Azraq (Jordan) as well as in warm water ponds of USA, South and Central America and South East Asia. At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction. Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott 1991 World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p. (Ref. 4537) FB-Uses-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial; bait: usually FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) IGFA 2009 Database of IGFA angling records until 2009. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott 1991 World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p. (Ref. 4537) FB-Migration-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) FB-LifeCycle-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1387&StockCode=1423 Nesting usually in shallow water weedy areas (Ref. 96). Males establish territory and dig a spawning pit (Ref. 2, 6465, 54601), using mouth and fins (Ref. 2), up to 60cm deep and 4-6m in diameter; a number of territories can often be found clustered together (Ref. 52307). Territories are defended by means of agressive behaviour (Ref. 6465), including lateral display, lateral biting and mouth-to-mouth combat (Ref. 2). Reproduction is stimulated by long photoperiods and inhibited by short daylengths (Ref. 54365). Reproduction requires a minimum temperature of about 20°C (Ref. 2). Males visit schools of females and attempt to attract a female spawning partner (Ref. 2, 52307). Courting behaviour in the nest consists of lateral display by both sexes with nipping and tail-flapping (Ref. 2). Eggs are deposited in single clutches, from several dozen to 100 eggs (Ref. 52307), and are taken into the females mouth as soon as they are fertilized (Ref. 2, 6465, 52307), with a peak spawning frequency around the 9-11th hour of light (Ref. 31140, 54365). One female may hold up to 2000 eggs in her mouth (Ref. 2). The female swims away to deeper water with the brood after spawning is complete (Ref. 2, 52307), while the male renews spawning activities with another female. Hatching occurs about 3 days after oviposition (Ref. 2). Incubation time varies with temperature, 13-14 days at 25-27°C (Ref. 2, 52307) or 8-10 days at 29°C (Ref. 144), and juveniles leave the mother's mouth when they are about 1.1cm in length (Ref. 54601). The young school near parent's head for a few days, reentering the mouth at any sign of danger or at a gesture of the female; parent-offspring relationship ceases after 5 days (Ref. 2). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-TrophicStrategy-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-01-23 00:00:00 2005-07-06 18:55:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public aureus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Cold tolerant (Ref. 61), occuring at temperatures ranging from 8°-30°C, with small size fish less tolerant to low temperatures than larger specimens (Ref. 2). Tolerates fairly brackish conditions (Ref. 3, 61, 2001, 6465, 54362), with small specimens less tolerant than larger ones (Ref. 96, 54403, 54459) and ontogenetic changes in salinity tolerance related to body size rather than to chronological age (Ref. 54403, 54459). Forms schools; is sometimes territorial; inhabits warm ponds and impoundments as well as lakes and streams (Ref. 5723, 11028), in open water as well as among stones and vegetation (Ref. 11028). Omnivorous (Ref. 61, 52307), but with a tendency towards a vegetarian diet (Ref. 52307). Feeds on phytoplankton and small quantities of zooplankton (Ref. 3, 61, 6465, 52307). Young fish have a more varied diet which includes large quantities of copepods and cladocerans (Ref. 2, 61, 6465), but they also take pieces of small invertebrates (Ref. 52307). Particulate feeder during larval and juvenile stages, filter feeder when adult (Ref. 46977). Ovophilic, agamous (Ref. 52307), maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 364, 52307). Reproduces in both fresh and brackish water (Ref. 61, 5723). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Size-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 45.7 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 40637)); max. published weight: 2,010 g (Ref. 40637) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-1387-456 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-07-14 00:00:00 2005-07-14 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1387&StockCode=1423 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Centrocestus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Diseases-1387-1267 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-08-11 00:00:00 2004-08-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1387&StockCode=1423 Gnathostoma Disease (larvae). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Martinez, V.M.V., M.L.A. Macedo, T. Scholz, D.G. Solis and E.F.M. Franco 2002 Atlas de los helmintos parásitos de cíclidos de México. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Dirección de Publicaciones Tresguerras 27, 06040, México, D.F. (Ref. 51032) FB-Diseases-1387-1263 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-08-04 00:00:00 2004-08-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1387&StockCode=1423 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Goezia Disease 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Martinez, V.M.V., M.L.A. Macedo, T. Scholz, D.G. Solis and E.F.M. Franco 2002 Atlas de los helmintos parásitos de cíclidos de México. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Dirección de Publicaciones Tresguerras 27, 06040, México, D.F. (Ref. 51032) FB-Diseases-1387-1549 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-06-14 00:00:00 2005-06-14 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1387&StockCode=1423 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Ichthyobodo Infection 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Diseases-1387-1261 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-05-18 00:00:00 2004-05-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1387&StockCode=1423 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Saccocoelioides Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Martinez, V.M.V., M.L.A. Macedo, T. Scholz, D.G. Solis and E.F.M. Franco 2002 Atlas de los helmintos parásitos de cíclidos de México. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Dirección de Publicaciones Tresguerras 27, 06040, México, D.F. (Ref. 51032) FB-Diseases-1387-34 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-07-07 00:00:00 2005-07-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1387&StockCode=1423 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Sanguinicola Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Diseases-1387-1592 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-09-26 00:00:00 2005-09-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1387&StockCode=1423 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Whirling Viral Disease of Tilapia Larvae. Viral diseases Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Habitat-1387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-12-18 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution benthopelagic; potamodromous (Ref. 126106); freshwater; brackish; depth range 5 - ? m Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106)