FB-244 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=244 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) Indian-laks Salmão-vermelho Salmao-vermelho-do-Pacífico سلمون أحمر Rødlaks Sockeyelaks Blaurücken Nerka-Lachs Roter Lachs Rotlachs Blueback Blue-back Blueback salmon Fraser river salmon Kennerly's salmon Kickininee Kokanee Land-locked sockeye Little redfish Pygmy salmon Pygmy sockeye salmon Quinalt Red salmon Redfish Silver trout Sockeye salmon Sock-eye salmon Yank Nerka Intiaanilohi Punalohi Kokani Saumon nerka Saumon rouge Sgwaagaan Skaagwun Swagan Taaxiid Taaxit אילתית אדומה Rauolax Salmone rosso Beni-zake Himemasu ベニザケ（ヒメマス） Karlikovaya nerka Krasnaya Nerka Nyarka красная Нерка нерка Indianlax Rödlax Sockeye Gyi'aL Müsoo Ts'üwaas Ts'üwaasmmüsoo Нерка Salmon Salmón Salmón rojo Hisit Hísṇ Kokkinos solomos K'wit'thet K'wolexw K'wsech Miòat Niklliq Pacifiški losos Rode zalm Schaanexw Shamet skelex Shmexwalsh Sináech Sk'wel'eng's schaanexw Slhop' schaanexw Spak'ws schaanexw Thekey' Xwselawe 紅大麻哈魚 红大麻哈鱼 肯氏大麻哈魚 肯氏大麻哈鱼 Hypsifario kennerlyi (Suckley, 1861) Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi (Suckley, 1861) Oncorhynchus nerka nerka (Walbaum, 1792) Salmo kennerlyi Suckley, 1861 Salmo nerka Walbaum, 1792 Salmo paucidens Richardson, 1836 1990-10-17 2018-05-14 Robins, C.R., R.M. 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Madison (USA, WI): Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 6 p. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/Fishing/Species_wifish.pdf (Ref. 132215) Zhivotovsky, L.0 Genetic history of salmonid fishes of the genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i>. Russian J. Gen. 51(5):491-505. (Ref. 132363) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-GeneralDescr-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-11-22 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=243 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Epipelagic (Ref. 58426). Occurs in open ocean and lakes and migrates up to coastal streams to spawn (Ref. 86798). There are two forms, the anadromous form known as the sockeye and the landlocked form (with a much smaller maximum size) known as the kokanee (Ref. 27547). Upon emergence from gravel, fry at first tends to avoid light, hiding during the day and emerging at night (Ref. 27547). In some populations, sockeye fry go to the sea during their first summer but most spend one or two (rarely three or four) years in a lake before migrating (Ref. 30333). In a few streams of the Copper River drainage in Alaska, young sockeye stay in the stream (Ref. 27547). Once in the lake, the young spend a few weeks inshore, feeding largely on ostracods, cladocerans and insect larvae. The fish then become pelagic and move offshore, where they feed on plankton in the upper 20 m or so (Ref. 27547). Seaward migration follows with the young individuals first staying fairly close to shore, feeding mainly on zooplankton, but also on small fishes and insects (Ref. 30343, 30346). With growth, they head out to sea and fish become important in the diet (Ref. 27547). Kokanee are confined to lake-stream systems, and most of its life is spent in the lake (Ref. 27547). They feed mainly on plankton, but also take insects and bottom organisms (Ref. 1998). Kokanee, wherever they are native, have been derived from anadromous populations, and each kokanee population apparently has evolved independently from a particular sockeye run (Ref. 30338, 30339). Offspring of kokanee occasionally become anadromous, and sockeye offspring occasionally remain in freshwater (Ref. 27547). Lifespan of the kokanee varies from two to seven years in different stocks (Ref. 27547). The sockeye is one of the most commercially important Pacific salmons; the kokanee is primarily a sport fish but also makes excellent food and in some areas well regarded as food for large trout (Ref. 27547). Marketed fresh, dried or salted, smoked, canned, and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved, and baked (Ref. 9988). Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-DiagnosticDescr-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-09-05 00:00:00 1999-05-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=243 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Both the sockeye and the kokanee are distinguished by the long, fine, serrated, closely spaced gill rakers on the first arch that number between 30 and 40, and by its lack of definite spot on the back and tail (Ref. 27547). Body fusiform, streamlined, laterally compressed, body depth moderate, slightly deeper in breeding males (Ref. 6885). Head bluntly pointed, conical, eye rather small, position variable with sex and condition; snout rather pointed (Ref. 6885). Lateral line straight (Ref. 27547). Pelvic fins with axillary process; caudal emarginate (Ref. 27547). Pre-spawning fish are dark steel blue to greenish blue on the head and back, silvery on the sides and white to silvery on the belly; no definite spots on the back, although some individuals may have dark speckling and irregular marks on the dorsal fin (Ref. 27547). At spawning, the head of the males becomes bright to olive green, with black on the snout and upper jaw; the adipose and anal fins turn red and the paired fins and tail generally become grayish to green or dark; females are generally less brilliantly colored than males (Ref. 27547). Various populations may show less brilliant colors, and a few turn dull green to yellowish, with little if any red (Ref. 27547). Hart, J.L. 1973 Pacific fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 180:740 p. (Ref. 6885) FB-Morphology-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-09-05 00:00:00 1999-05-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=243 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 16; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 13 - 18; Vertebrae: 56 - 67 Hart, J.L. 1973 Pacific fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 180:740 p. (Ref. 6885) FB-Distribution-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2019-12-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=243 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat North Pacific: northern Japan to Bering Sea and to Los Angeles, California, USA (Ref. 2850). Artic and Pacific drainages from Point Hope in Alaska to Columbia River drainage in Oregon and Idaho in USA. Landlocked populations in Alaska, Yukon Territory and British Columbia in Canada, and Washington, Oregon, and California in USA (Ref. 86798). Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann 1983 A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850) FB-Uses-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-11-22 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=243 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: very high; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Newman, L. 1995 Census of fish at the Vancouver aquarium, 1994. Unpublished manuscript. (Ref. 9183) FB-Migration-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-11-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=243 Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Zhivotovsky, L. 2015 Genetic history of salmonid fishes of the genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i>. Russian J. Gen. 51(5):491-505. (Ref. 132363) FB-LifeCycle-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-11-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=243&StockCode=257 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Adult sockeyes return to natal streams to spawn. This occurs during summer and fall and as late as December in the southern part of the range. The female selects a site, usually with gravel bottom, and digs a nest. During nest building, the female is attended by a dominant male and a few subordinate males. At this stage, females tend to be aggressive toward other females and subordinate males; males are aggressive toward other males. Between digging acts, the female will rest over the pit while the dominant male courts her. Once the nest is completed, the female enters the nest, followed immediately by the dominant male who comes close beside her. Their mouths gape, and the pair vibrates to release eggs and sperm. One or more subordinate males may come to the other side of the female and join in the spawning. The female then moves to the upstream edge of the nest and digs again, covering the old nest, at the same time creating a new one just upstream from the previous one. A female normally needs 3 to 5 days to deposit all her eggs and utilizes 3 to 5 nests for this purpose. She may spawn with several dominant males. A male may breed with several females. All adult sockeye die after spawning (Ref. 27547).Reproductive strategy: synchronous ovarian organization, determinate fecundity (Ref. 51846). Morrow, J.E. 1980 The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248p. (Ref. 27547) FB-TrophicStrategy-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-04-08 00:00:00 2007-07-31 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public nerka http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Epipelagic (Ref. 58426). There are two forms, the anadromous form known as the sockeye and the landlocked form (with a much smaller maximum size) known as the kokanee (Ref. 27547). Upon emergence from gravel, fry at first tends to avoid light, hiding during the day and emerging at night (Ref. 27547). In some populations, sockeye fry go to the sea during their first summer but most spend one or two (rarely three or four) years in a lake before migrating (Ref. 30333). In a few streams of the Copper River drainage in Alaska, young sockeye stay in the stream (Ref. 27547). Once in the lake, the young spend a few weeks inshore, feeding largely on ostracods, cladocerans and insect larvae. The fish then become pelagic and move offshore, where they feed on plankton in the upper 20 m or so (Ref. 27547). Seaward migration follows with the young individuals first staying fairly close to shore, feeding mainly on zooplankton, but also on small fishes and insects (Ref. 30343, 30346). With growth, they head out to sea and fish become important in the diet (Ref. 27547). Kokanee are confined to lake-stream systems, and most of its life is spent in the lake (Ref. 27547). They feed mainly on plankton, but also take insects and bottom organisms (Ref. 1998). Kokanee, wherever they are native, have been derived from anadromous populations, and each kokanee population apparently has evolved independently from a particular sockeye run (Ref. 30338, 30339). Offspring of kokanee occasionally become anadromous, and sockeye offspring occasionally remain in freshwater (Ref. 27547). Lifespan of the kokanee varies from two to seven years in different stocks (Ref. 27547). Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998) FB-Size-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-11-22 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=243 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 84.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 86798)); 71 cm (female); max. published weight: 7,710 g (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 8 years (Ref. 72462) Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Altman, P.L. and D.S. Dittmer 1962 Growth, including reproduction and morphological development. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (Ref. 72462) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-243-11 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-17 00:00:00 2004-03-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=243&StockCode=257 Enteric Redmouth Disease. Bacterial diseases Horne, M.T. and A.C. Barnes 1999 Enteric redmouth disease (<i>Yersinia ruckeri</i>). p.455-477. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48849) FB-Diseases-243-911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-05-05 00:00:00 2004-05-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=243&StockCode=257 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Whirling Disease 3. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Boustead, N.C. 1993 Detection and New Zealand distribution of <i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i>, the cause of whirling disease of salmonids. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 27(4):431-436. (Ref. 45510) FB-Habitat-243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-11-22 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=243 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats pelagic-oceanic; anadromous (Ref. 132363); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 250 m (Ref. 50550) Zhivotovsky, L. 2015 Genetic history of salmonid fishes of the genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i>. Russian J. Gen. 51(5):491-505. (Ref. 132363) Fedorov, V.V., I.A. Chereshnev, M.V. Nazarkin, A.V. Shestakov and V.V. Volobuev 2003 Catalog of marine and freswater fishes of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2003. 204 p. (Ref. 50550)